Gestalt Psychology Reflection Essay

At almost the same time the behaviorist revolution was gathering strength in the United States, the Gestalt revolution was taking hold of German psychology. Gestalt theories followed the basic principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The main founders of Gestalt Psychology are Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler. Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler worked in establishing theories of Gestalt Psychology. Kurt Koffka His main focus was in the field of cognition and psychological development. Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler also journeyed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands off Africa’ s, to study chimpanzees. KÃ ¶hler suggested that Gestalt theory was a general law of nature that should be extended to all the sciences. The six perceptual organization principles are as follows: Chapter 12 Figures 12.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1. Proximity: Parts that are placed close together, they tend to be perceived as a group (a), the circles in three double columns rather than as one large collection. 2. Continuity: There is a tendency in our perception to follow a direction, to connect the elements in a way that makes them seem continuous or flowing in a particular directions. (a) you tend to follow the columns of small circles from top to bottom. 3. Similarity: Similar parts tend to be seen together as forming a group. (b), the circles and the dots each appear to belong together, and you tend to perceive rows of circles and rows of dots instead of columns. 4. Simplicity: A good gestalt is symmetrical, simple and stable and cannot be made simpler. (c) are good Gestalt because they are clearly perceived as complete and organized 5. Closure: There is a tendency in our perception to complete figures, to fill in gaps. (c), you perceive three squares even though the figures are incomplete. 6. Figure/Ground: We tend to organize perceptions into the object being looked at and the background against which it appears. (d) the figure and the ground are reversible, you may see two faces or you may see a vase, depending on how your perception is organized. References Schultz, D. (2011). A history of modern psychology (10th edition) Chapter 12

Child development Essay

1. Understand the development and learning of babies and young children. 1.1 Explain the pattren of developments in the first three years of life and the skills typically acquired at each stage. Babies and toddlers show amazing progress in all aspects of their development from birth to three years, considering they are born with simple reflexes and are quite helpless and dependent. It is essential to have a good understanding of the development stages in this group in order to support their development. The changes that occur in a child’s development in the first few years of life are truly remarkable. Practitoners note children’s development as they begin to smile, laugh, sit, crawl, babble and talk. Children begin to socialize and play cooperatively with other children. They acquire important skills to get along with others such as turn-taking, sharing and following instructions, as well as skills that will help them academically such as drawing, counting, reading, and writing.(REF:http://www.beststart.org/OnTrack_English/3-childrensdevelopment.html) Early child development usually follows a sequence, as the child needs to master one skill before he/she can a cquire the next, but all children develop at their own rate. At times, a child may take a long time to master a new skill; at other times, he/she may seem to skip a skill in the expected sequence in his/hers speed of development. Through careful observation, assessment and communication with the child’s key worker, they can draw a clear picture of the child within their setting. 1.2 Explain: How development and learning are interconnected How and why variations occur in rate and sequence of development of learning That learning may take place in different ways The importance of play Development and learning are closely tied. Children need to develop certian  skills in order for them to learn, but also the desire to learn something or achieve a goal can motivate a child to develop the necessary skills. A good example of this is walking, for a baby to begin to walk, a level of coordination and growth is required, but the baby must also have the desire to walk. during the process of learning to walk, the child will develop balance, strength in the legs, and improved coordination. Once the child can walk, a whole new world can be discovered as the child can now reach things and see things from an different level. Therefore, Learning to walk has improved both the child’s physical development, and his or her cognition. It is not fully understood why some children appear to learn faster than others, but it is thought that there both genetic and environmental factorsat play. Some children have learning difficulties that prevent them from learning in the same wa y – or at the same rate – as other children. The causes of learning difficulties vary and include chromosomal conditions, medical conditions and others that are not yeat understood, however, although the term ‘ learning difficulties’ is used, it does not mean that such children will have difficulties in learning in every area of their lives. So some children will learn some skills, for example the ability to draw or socialise, at the same rate as others. Some children are seen as ‘bright’ very early on. Adults may notice how quicky the remember things and how fast they are to learn new skills. For these children, it would seem that they are able to process information more quickly and effectively than other children of the same age. This is thought to be linked to the presence of a stimulating environment combined with a strong genetic component. Children can learn in a variety of ways. They can copy adults and other children, they can also learn from thier own experiences as they will repeat activities that fascinate them or are enjoyable. Interestingly, most of what babies and toddlers will learn comes from ‘doing’ rather than being ‘taught’ by adults. As children can learn in variety of ways, it is important for us to provide them with a range of different opportunities and experiences. Play is essential for children’s development. through play, children can delelop a variety of skills that support every area of development. Good play opportunities allow children not only to have fun and to explore, but also to learn about materials, concepts and how to socialise. Play begins very early on in babies’ lives as long as they have an adult who can engage  with them. As ch ildren grown an develop, they are able to choose and create their own play; Physical – A range of physical skills, including fine and gross motor skills, are developed as children make movements, balance or sit in order to play with toys or engage in games with adluts. Cognitive – Children learn concepts and about the world around them by playing with materials, resources and learning by trial and error what things can do. Language – Play gives children a reason for taking and communicating. At first this is with adluts, but as children can play together, they talk to each other. Emotional – Play is fun. It makes children feel happy and also helps them to feel powerful and learn about feelings; when they engage in role play they also learn about different perspectives. Social – From playing with adults, babies learn social skills such as talkingturns and co-operating. They so learn to ‘read’ faces. With age and language skills. children also learn to play with other children. 1.3 Explain the potential effects on development, of pre-conceptual, pre-birth and birth experiences. All babies and children show different rates of development,but some do so because of difficulties linked to experiences during conception, pregnancy and birth. We know that even before a baby is conceived, the lifestyle of the parents can have an effect on thier potential development. this is because men’s sperm and woman’s ova can be easily damaged. Parents are advised to think about stopping smoking, about taking folic acid supplements, cuttting down on alcohol and avoiding recreational drugs. They are also advised not to leave starting a family too late because not only does it become harder for a woman to conceive as they get older, but also the quality of a woman’s eggs can deteriorate over time. Conception At the moment of conception, when a sperm and egg fuse, a transfer of genetic information takes place. the fertilised eggs will have 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother, which are used to determine its development. This is mixing of genetic information is often described as  nature’s lottery, as some medical conditions and disabilities are the result ofthis genetic combination. Pregnancy Between conception and birth, babies can be affected by the health of their mother as well as her lifestyle choices. Stress, deit and alcohol are examples of factors that can affect development. It is now recognised that the first twelev weeks of pregnancy is when the foetus is at it’s most vulnerable. During this time the foetus becomes recognisably human and all the organs are formed. Smoking Smoking restricts the amount of oxygen the unborn baby is getting and affects the groth and development. Bbaies born to mothers who smoke are therefore more likely to be lighter at birth and also premature. Ther seems to be other long-lasting effects on health as well. These include a higher incidence of cot death and a greater predisposition to asthma. Substance abuse the use of recreational and prescribed drugs can affect the developing foetus. Drugs enter the mother’s blood stream and the cross via the placenta into the baby. the effect of drugs can be devastating – especially in the first twelve weeks when the foetus is developing. Pregnant woman are therefore advised not to take any drugs during their pregnacy unless told to do so by a doctor. Alcohol Alcohol can enter the foetus’s blood stream in the same way that drugs can. Again this can have a serious impact, especially in the first few weeks of a pregnancy when sometimes mothers may not even know their pregnant but the baby is at a critical point of development. During the rest of the prgnancy alcohol can effect the development of the bay an so doctors advised mothers not to drink threw out their pregnancy. A specific condition known as Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is cuased by alcohol during pregnancy, has now been identifed. This condition negatively affects aspects of the children’s cognitive development including their concentration. Infections Some infections that a mother may pick up during pregnancy can affect the  development of the foetus. The common cold is harmless, but food poisoning, rubella or sexually transmitted disease such as genital herpes can put the unborn baby at risk. Babies who have been exposed to rebella often have sight and hearing problems. Maternal Health Most women should have healthy pregnancies, but some woman can develop complications, including diabetes and pre-eclampsia (which can even be fatal). If left undereated, these conditions can affect the health of both mother and baby. This is why pregnant women are offered refu;ar antental check ups. Maternal Diet Diet is particularly important in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy when lack of a mineral called folic acid, found in green leafy vegetables, can cause spina bifida. Women who are consirdering a pregnancy are therfore urged to take supplements of 400mcg of folic acid daily untilthe twelfth week of their pregnancy. Pregnant woman can also become deficient in iron and so are encouraged to eat high in iron such as red meat, green vegetables, dried apircots and fortified breakfeast cereals. The process of birth can present various dangers to both mother and child, which is why mothers are monitored before and during birth. Most women give birth vaginally but sometimes a Caesarean Section is given. This is when an incision of approximately 20cm is made across the lower abdomen and the baby is delivered through this opening; the mother is given an anaesthetic beforehand. A Caesarean may be planned in advance, for example when a woman is carrying triplets, or may have to be carried out at short notice if there are difficulties when giving birth. The main danger for babies during the birthing process is a lack of oxygen. During labour, the oxygen supply to the baby might be interrupted for several reasons, including the umbilical cord becoming entangled or the baby being slow to breathe at birth. In extreme cases anoxia can be fatal or leave the baby with permanent brian damage. It is important to emphasise. However, that this is relatively rare and most abies are born safe ly.

Belonging speech

She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning. Belonging: Speech I want you to do something for me, I want you to think of your parents, now in the same thought put yourself there. Tell me, what have you inherited from your parents, is it just their physical appearance or is it their way of thinking also. What if I were to tell you that it's something much more, that each and every one of us, have inherited our parents sense of belonging or not belonging. This hereditary trait if you will, is revealed in such texts as Bruce Dawes ‘Lifecycle', where young children inherit belonging to football. The movie â€Å"Ace Ventura 3† as belonging is present in the Ventura family by saving animals. And Cat Stevens's song â€Å"Father and Son† which tells a story of a son thinking he belongs somewhere other than home. These texts all have belonging passed down from generation to generation. You all know â€Å"Lifecycle†, a poem by Bruce Dawe, that runs football parallel to religion. Football is the centre of belonging for the newborn children. In the opening line â€Å"When children are born in Victoria they are wrapped in the club-colours†, it displays the use of hyperbole to emphasis the strength of the inherit belonging to a football club. A simile is used in â€Å"they break surface and are forever lost, their minds rippling out like streamers†, this shows the day the young children are committed into the cult of football, just like their parents before them. This belonging to their football club is also seen in, â€Å"they will not grow as those from the Northern States grow old†, this allusion to Ode To The Fallen highlights the fact that Southern states have an inherited belonging to football that cannot be rivaled by the Northern States that just follow a team for the sake of it. â€Å"Ace Ventura 3† like â€Å"Lifecycle† has an immense connection to belonging being inherited. Directed by David Evans the movie is based around Ace Jr, a 12 year old boy that feels a kinship to saving animals, having never meet or told about his father, who was once a great Pet Detective, it can be seen that his belonging to saving animals has been inherited. Ace Jr repeatedly, throughout the film, uses mannerisms and idioms of his father, such as â€Å"Allllrighty Then† and the simile â€Å"Like a glove†. Having never heard his father, these saying are completely inherited and give Ace Jr belonging to the Ventura family. Visual puns are used in conjunction, which include Ace Jr having a comb over and wearing Hawaiian shirts. Once again these are his father's trademarks in the two previous films. Ace Jr's belonging of being a Pet Detective, has completely without question, come from his father's genes therefore being inherited. We can see another parent-child relationship similar to Ace Ventura 3, in Cat Steven's, â€Å"Father and Son†, a song off his 1970 album â€Å"Tea For The Tillerman†. The song is a running commentary of a conversation of a son that wants to leave home and the father pressuring him to stay. The father of course knows what the son is going through, with his doubts of not belonging, due to the fact that is was passed down and inherited. The line â€Å"I was once like you are now† is a simile that alludes to this. Also repetition is used with the word â€Å"stay† describing the thoughts of the father about the son's plight. The last line of the song â€Å"Look at me I am old but I'm happy† juxtaposes happiness with age, Cat Stevens does this, to signify that the Sons sense of belonging, develops with age just like his fathers. This sense of belonging is therefore hereditary, both in this song, Ace Ventura 3 and Lifecycle, as well as all of us in this room now. We have inherited our sense of belonging. Belonging speech She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning. Belonging speech She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning.

The President of America John Fitzgerald Kennedy Research Paper

The President of America John Fitzgerald Kennedy - Research Paper Example Urged on by his pushy father, JFK joined politics in 1946 and went ahead to win election into the US House of Representatives as a Democrat and later into Senate in 1952. He won the 1960 party’s presidential nomination and later the presidency, becoming America’s youngest president at 43 and the first ever Catholic head of state. His presidency represented a generational change to the seat, giving it a youthful touch. On November 22, 1963, hardly 1,000 days into his presidency, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He became the youngest president to die (White House, 2014). John F. Kennedy remains a hero even to the standards of modern times because of his political prowess, personality and family values and his stand on social justice. It is the political career of JFK that brings his heroism outright, him being a statesman and a courageous politician. In his book, Profiles in Courage, JFK noted that pressures from the public, the worry of future elections and the pressures from interest groups discourage politicians from working towards the attainment of their goals (Margaret, 2004). Indeed, he was a victim of negative publicity early in his political career. According to Brinkley (2013), these early years in politics had JFK’s political colleagues refer to him as a playboy who had his campaigns bankrolled by his wealthy father. Critics described him as being impatient, reckless and impetus. In fact, in the book, JFK: Reckless Youth, the author, Nigel Hamilton referred to him as a man with brains, good looks, money, and idealism but lacked a serious sense of purpose (LupaÄ ovà ¡, 2008). Despite these criticisms, JFK went ahead and convinced voters to elect him into the US House of Representatives. His political star shone further with his election into the Senate. In fact, his was said to be a distinctly innovative senatorial campaign. Furthermore, his campaigns targeted all the categories of the society, thus an all-inclusive campaign strategy that saw him elected twice into senate between 1953 and 1960. He went further to win, not just the Democrat presidential nomination, but also beat Richard Nixon to become America’s 35th president. This follows his charm that he used to convince voters that the Republicans had stagnated the county for eight years and therefore the need for positive change.

Business Finance Theory & Practice- Financial rationale of a strategic Essay

Business Finance Theory & Practice- Financial rationale of a strategic readjustmentFinancial rationale of a strategic readjustment - Essay Example It seeks to achieve this aim through production of quality items, timely response to customer needs and investment on future projects. Henry Williams founded the company in the year 1859 as a small wardrobe clothing company. Despite its small start, the company has expanded its network and business units to various market destinations globally including US. The expansion is resulting to high amount of revenue and asset development. The level of performance can be ascertained from its strong revenue base and asset capacity as contained in its financial statements. For instance, the company recorded a gross profit of 440 million in the year 2014 up from the amount realized in the year 2011 that stood at 690. Likewise, the company reported an encouraging net profit and sales of 75900 and 834 in the year ending 2014 respectively. Its net asset worth was also reported at 485300 in the year 2014 up from 319000 in the year 2011. The growth in the company’s capital base and revenues including assets depicts a good start for the company that operates in the competitive industry. Although the firm is reporting positive figures in its balance sheet, the performance, there is need for the company to improve its balance sheet figures to facilitate its competitiveness in the market. To achieve this there are various financial developments or action plans that the company can adopt. The action plans are essential since they hold the capacity of revolutionizing the revenue entry points through diversification and expand income capacity (Salhanick, Kipnis & Wiele, 1995, p. 67). The probable action plans include adopting product diversification, seeking for strategic partnership, injecting more capital to increase productivity and reaching out to a wider market spectrum. All these action plans forms viable tools that the clothe making company can embrace to ensure that its balance sheet is boosted to higher levels. The action

Entry of The American Clothing Company into China Essay

Entry of The American Clothing Company into China - Essay Example The company may also consider operating under a different name once it decides to enter China. While doing business, it is very important that the business bears a name that customers can associate with. For this reason, the company may consider adopting a name that reflects with the people of China. Operating under the same name in China would give competitors a higher edge in that other organizations may take pride in being home grown and purport understand the market and the needs of the customers better. The company must thus realize that it is a neck stiff competition that requires strategic planning at all stages.In making this decision, the company must also consider the right entry mode. It may consider going into a merger with a relatively smaller organization, or acquiring another company that is already established but perhaps not doing very well in the market. Further, the company would need to do some internal re-organization in order to find out the necessary personnel who may need to relocate to the other country for managerial purposes. As the new company, it would be in appropriate to rely on the labour force available in China to start up operations. In as a much as this labour would be instrumental in running the business, it would be important that individuals from the US work at the initial stages of establishing the company as this would help to instill the company’s core values, objectives and mission into the new market.

Hart-Devlin Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hart-Devlin Debate - Essay Example However, the law is not against the private lives of people and the activities they undertake in private. Therefore, a law cannot be imposed that interferes with the private lives of people. The report by the committee sparked a reaction from Patrick Devlin. Devlin in his discussion on â€Å"the enforcement of morals† argued that criminal law is not only meant to protect individuals but the entire society. Therefore, if people are engaged in activities that are against the society norms should be criminated. He further argued that criminal law should not only protect criminal activities that directly affect people, but rather should protect society from adverse effects imposed by individuals both in public and in private (Cane 22). Herbert Hart reacted against the argument of Devlin in a radio broadcast. Hart argued with regard to the â€Å"harm principle† by J. S Mills. He argued that the only reason in which power can be correctly exercised over any individual in soci ety against his will is, to ensure no harm imposed to others by the individual (Cane 23). An argumentative debate between the two individuals ensued, both of them believing their side of the argument to be reasonable. Devlin argued that the society supposed to be united by legal and moral conducts. Therefore, any actions that jeopardizes society’s norms should be criminated (Cane 24). The society supposed to impose its morality so that cultural values and believes can be maintained. Hart argued against this argument claiming that Devlin did not provide factual evidence of his arguments. Hart claimed that society norms are widely used; therefore, using them to deny a group of people to conduct their private activities is not respecting the morals of individuals. Some contributions made regarding the subject of law and morals of society (Cane 25). Therefore, in order to establish a valid argument of the case standards ought to be set and difference between harm and moral standa rds should be established. In addition, a relationship between law and morality should also be discussed in details. The debate sparked by the report established by wolfenden committee. The committee was established to put in consideration the law governing prostitution and male homosexual behavior. Nonetheless, the debate that ensued concentrated on the subject of sexual conduct and morals. The committee was discussing the issue of criminal activities with regard to homosexuality. The debate concentrated on criminal law and did not put in consideration other forms of law (Cane 26). The society plays a significant role to play with regard to ensuring the community and the country at large behave accordingly. According to Devlin, the actions of individuals can affect the outlook of the entire society. Therefore, when lawmakers are developing laws they should put into consideration a person’s liberty (Cane 27). In addition, technological advancement is changing overtime; theref ore, it is reasonable enough for the society to come to terms with the changes. Devlin’s view After the committee published its report, Devlin was quick to respond to the report through a public lecture. Devlin argued that morals and laws should go hand in hand. Behavior of an individual does not only affect the individual alone but the entire society (Cane 28). Therefore, legalizing homosexuality is offensive to the society as it goes against the moral standards of the society. the society’s cultural values should be protected by the law. Devlin’s argument meant to protect the society through the

German Defeat in the First World War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

German Defeat in the First World War - Essay Example 1999). Things however turned out differently and this was the very first factor that led to Germany's eventual defeat. This article identifies and discusses this and other key factors that led to Germanys defeat in the First World War as well the reasons and impact of the United States entry into the war. Even though the defeat at Marne came very early into the war, its importance as a factor that led to Germanys defeat cannot be undermined. This is because it meant the failure of the Schlieffen's plan and a smash to any hopes of a quick victory and therefore a short war. The German force was not prepared for a lengthy war and by eliminating the possibility of a short war the chances of winning began to decrease. This was general and Helmuth Vou Mottke' biggest mistakes. Initial strategy of the Germans was to take France before Russia could mobilize effectively and then move by railroad and use united and excessive force on Russia. This would have allowed the Germany forces to take their enemies one by one. The Schlieffen plan had not anticipated later developments such as the three-day resistance by Belgium. The fast move by British authority to enter into war and the fierce resistance by the French army. All these factors slowed Germany's progress significantly and the effects of a lengthy war eventually wore them down. The war put a lot of strain on the Germany economy that heavily relied on external trade. Trade activities were strained to an extent that Germany experienced short supply of essential goods. These shortages led to the riots and the German mark devaluated greatly. The labor market was not left unscathed as the armed forces scrambled for all available human resources. All this could not be sustained in the long term. Increasing defeats. As the war progressed the German force continued to lose more and more manpower starting with the battle of Morne through to the battle of Verdun in February 1916. By 1918 the losses were monumental. This greatly affected the momentum of the war and morale of the German soldiers. The allies now outnumbered the earlier flamboyant German army. Starvation at home. As the war progressed Germany became more and more isolated in terms of external trade. This resulted in shortages of foodstuff especially wheat flour for bread. This problem became acute as the German mark devalued so much that the ordinary people could hardly afford to feed themselves. This put a lot of strain on the people and they began to be very discontent with the war. This discontent reached to the peak in 1918 and the government could no longer ignore the voices but was at loss as to the decision to take, whether to heed to the pressure from civilians mainly women or to continue holding on to the benefits of war and the status quo. Mutiny in the navy. Initially the Germany navy was largely underutilized. They used cruisers to launch a tax on the allied civilian ships. Later on in 1916 a battle called the battle of Jutland (battle skagerrak in German) turned into a full-scale naval war where German navy was pinned down by the superior British naval fleet. This left the Germany navy inactive

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example Various British designers are accredited with the reputation and image par excellence and would create opportunities for augmenting the possibilities of being inducted in reputed professional companies overseas or abroad (Andriopoulos, C., & Dawson, P. 2009). There is a leading company in United Kingdom that is privately owned and involved in clothing as its primary business. The company is also designing and an expert in retailing its brands of label range wears of various segments regardless of age. Mr. David Reiss the owner of the company Reiss took over from his father and created an opportunity of narrowing the gap in mass market clothes of high street as well as designer wears. It is pertinent to note that narrowing down the gap translates into provision of good quality as well as stylish clothes for prices that are amazingly affordable. The strategy following the aftermath of success creates vistas for opening up expansion in Dublin the capital of Ireland. The strategy can be created by launching wide ranges of women’s wear and globalize the business along with Dublin. Even though the efforts are on for making penetration into various countries the headway has been successful in claiming establishment of 27 outlets of retai l as well as concessions numbering to three in the United Kingdom until now. Mr. Reiss continues to be endowed with the capacity of a guiding influence with strength that is all pervasive in the company. The company Reiss is capable of creating a good brand value and an entry by creating an opportunity to internationalize the company in a manner that would be conducive for strategizing the brands and the segments. There has been successful expansion into the fields of new segments of wears including opportunities for children’s wears. This strategy should be further improved to create wide ranges of brands for encompassing a new

Maldives and Sustainable Development. Understanding and Developing the Essay

Maldives and Sustainable Development. Understanding and Developing the Role of Tourism in the Economy of Maldives - Essay Example This paper examines the role of tourism in the economy of Maldives in order to recommend specific programs that promote sustainable development. In this light, this paper begins with a general overview of Maldives by emphasizing on its geographical features, and the unique culture of the Maldivian people. After this, an intensive look at the economy of Maldives is done by crucially studying its top three sectors: tourism, construction, and fisheries. Then, the discussion is narrowed down on tourism by having an in-depth look at current tourism statistics, current market segments, and major products and services. This part is closely linked at an analysis of the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the economy and environment of Maldives. This paper concludes with a presentation of specific programs that can be used to promote sustainable development in Maldives. The Republic of Maldives is an archipelago that is consisted of 26 coral atolls, located in the northern Indian Ocean. It is comprised of 1,190 islands, and 200 from which are inhabited (Maldives Marketing & Public Relations Corporation, 2009). Its capital island is called Male’. Its climate is warm and tropical, and seasonal changes are determined by the two yearly monsoons—the northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon (Corporate Travels and Tours, 2011). The Maldives has a population of approximately 350,000. Its type of government is Independent Republic, while its primary religion is Islam. The currency used in this country is Rufiyaa (1 USD = MRF 15.42). B. People and Culture The culture in the Maldives is tightly linked with the geographical features of the country. As claimed by Red Dot (2009), the physical features of the Maldivian people differ from one atoll to the other, attributing to the genes passed on by South and Southeast Asians, Africans, and Arabs. It can be said that this racial mix has also marked the differences in the Maldivian people’s language, beliefs, and sub-cultures (Countries and their Culture, 2012). The mixing of cultures is evident in the Maldivian arts and craftsmanship. For one, the musical instrument used by Maldivian people called bodu-beru (big drum) resembles that of common African drums. Also, the dhoni is a unique Maldivian sailboat that has an overall design similar to the dow of Arabian countries. Last, the fine artistry behind the wooden beams in Maldivian antique mosques can be attributed to the architecture in Southeast Asian countries. Maldivians are known for their adaptation skills and positive outlook in life. They are generally cheerful, welcoming, and hospitable. In terms of their belief system, Maldivians still appreciate the upholding of unity and oneness in faith, but modernism has delivered a whole new culture with new sets of ideas and attitudes to the people. II. Maldives: Economy According to United States Virtual Presence Post or USVPP (2012), the economy of Maldives is based primarily on tourism and fishing. However, the other key sectors of Maldivian economy are construction, distribution, telecommunications, shipping, aviation, and banking support. A. Background on Economy The Maldives has achieved substantial economic growth over the last several decades (USVPP, 2012). In 2009, the country attained the highest GDP at around $1.3 billion, which is about $4,300 per capita. Tourism, the primary contributor of GDP, remained relatively strong due to the increase in tourist visits as evidenced by the growth in total bed-nights (The World Bank, 2011). However, it was also in 2009 when Maldivian economy shrank by 4 percent. Indeed, as USVPP (2012) further asserted, the fall in tourist arrivals, external financial, and product exports were all contributed by the global economic crisis that severely hit the country during that year As

Ultraviolet light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ultraviolet light - Essay Example One common source of UV light is produced through black lights. These devices are lamps that are designed to produce electromagnetic radiation that is still ultraviolet yet remains partially visible. This process can be accomplished through any number of means but the effect can be achieved simply though the application of a filter that removes some of the visible light. Ultimately it is among the safest forms of the light as it to the UVA region and has a relatively long range. This long-range translates to a low frequency which ultimately means that it is low energy. Although some negative health consequences can result from intense or long term exposure it is still considered relatively harmless. This brings into question whether or not there are any beneficial effects of UC light. It is the case that UV light is a kind of double edged sword as there are both beneficial and harmful effects. UV light helps stimulate the production of vitamin D in humans. However prolonged exposure can cause painful sunburns and even alter human DNA and ultimately cause the growth of certain types of cancer.

Incendiary Fire Analysis and Investigation Essay Example for Free

Incendiary Fire Analysis and Investigation Essay The significance of the damages and losses brought by fire incidents is beyond any expression of human measurement, thus, the fire responders and investigators are always tasked with challenging accountability that begins from the incidence response to the cause investigation. The fire needs to be extinguish, not only to prevent further damages to the property and protect the victims lives, but also to protect the integrity of the evidences that will be use to understand the root cause of the incident, as some fire investigation escalates to civil or criminal charges. While the fire department’s investigation results are assisting the judiciary of the government to conclude the issues brought by the parties involved, the jurys decision is equally improving the fire departments standards and practices towards these incidents, from the initial response to complex forensic investigations. The prevention of the tragedy, though exigent in nature, is the goal and hope of every party involved, even the fire department. The paper discusses the laws and different court rulings that affect the fire response and investigation procedures. It particularly discusses the analysis and investigation methodology employed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology over the collapse of the New York’s 7 World Trade Center in September 11, 2001, including the investigation results and the responses of the government and other interested bodies from the investigation results. Laws and Court Rulings Related to Fire Investigation and Analysis The scope analysis of the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution during several court proceedings has found its way to fire incidents and investigations that happened in the past. These amendments have been applied to the responses and investigations of succeeding fire incidents. Among the amendments are the following: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fourth Amendment Governing all searches and seizures of person or of property, this amendment of the Constitution, states that any search or seizure must have a probably cause and must have a support of oath or affirmation about the details of the search or seizure. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2002) While the Fourth Amendment limits the authority of the government over the privacy of the citizen, including his or her properties, even at any cases of emergency, the Fire Department response team are excluded from this law, only during these emergency, better termed as exigent circumstances; thus the responders and investigator are allowed to enter the private premises without any warrant. The exigent circumstance exception spans from the actual response time of the Fire Department until the cause investigation. In 1978, during the Michigan v. Tyler case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled out that the fire department, even without search warrant, has the authority to enter, and remain on, the property under the exigent circumstances until the emergency is over, and even after the fire has been extinguish, within a reasonable time.   (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2002). The Fire Department was given this exception, not only to prevent further loss or damage of life and property, and to determine the cause or origin of the incident, but also to prevent damages to the, or protect the, integrity of the evidences that will be used to understand the cause and origin of the fire incident (Herrera, 2003). While this exception is seemingly advantageous for the   fire responders and investigators, fire departments accountability over this kind of emergencies, and even during the cause analysis and investigations, becomes heavier. The pressure for the fire department comes by controlling the fire intrinsically, for even with the yellow fire tape all ready set up, the emotions, intentions and reactions of other people over this kind of scenario could have significant, and sometimes unexpected, effects as revealed during past fire investigations and court proceedings. The media, the victims, and the other civilians within and near the scene are some of the additional factors that the fire responders need to control. For the involvement of the media in fire incidents, according to the twenty   two year veteran of San Diego Fire Department, Fred Herrera, â€Å"The courts have not defined a clear-cut answer that covers all of the contingencies involved. Differing opinions have occurred at all judicial levels and vary widely from state to state.† In 1999, during the the Wilson v. Layne, the Alabama Supreme court ruled out that the media who accompanied a federal marshal with an arrest warrant violated the Fourth Amendment, while, the Florida Supreme Court ruled out, during the Florida Publishing Co. v. Fletcher, in   1976,   decided that the photographer ride along of a fire marshal into a fire scene did not illegally enter a property (Herrera, 2003). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fifth Amendment Best known as pleading the fifth, this amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the suspects from self incrimination, thus giving possible immunity to uncover the cause of, say, incendiary fire incidents (Head). Although during the court proceedings for the Lionti v. Lloyd’s Insurance Co. case, in 1983, where an employee, who allegedly had arguments with the employer, whose business was in financial crisis (the arguments were used as the probably cause for the alleged arson), invoked the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, the jury still found the employer’s right of no heavy significance to reach the court ruling, since the court favored the testimony of one of the investigators hired by the insurance company. The private investigator testified that the suspected arsonist, the employee, had told the investigator, outside the courtroom, how the employer was suggested by the same employee how to set up the arson (Murphy, 2007). It is true that the Fifth Amendment could be used as a shield for the suspects or anyone in the courtroom, but the counsel nor the investigators should not lose the resources to dig into the truth behind the fire incidents, for that matter. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sixth Amendment Stating the privilege of a citizen to speedy trial, not in shady manner, including the right to have of counsel from an attorney, and the accused’s right to face the prosecuting witness, this amendments sometimes puts the fire responders and investigators into the test of professionalism and integrity. The fire department’s investigation results will define if a case should be filed, and if so, it will also dictate if the case should be civil or criminal, in nature. From the same report, will the actions of the involved party will be based. In some instances, a third party investigation is being hired to gather more information. For the proceedings of possible arson, the fire responders and investigators would normally be invited to testify their finding before the court. Importance of Fire Analysis and Investigation While for the victims, the extent of the damages and losses due to fire incident cannot be equated to any monetary value, as what is usually being broad-casted on TV, for the fire responders and investigator who acted on those situations, the incidence can equally be life changing. Several court proceedings related to incendiary fire has proven the sensitivity of any actions, from all the parties involved. A veteran of this field can never let his or her guard off to control the situation for all the accountability at hand. It is true that when emergency cases happen, it can no longer be avoided, for the very nature and definition of it, but the lessons from these situations are what the fire investigations aim for. Not only the citizen, but also the government and private companies, depends on the information from these investigations, for learning the root cause of the fire incident is vital formulate actions and countermeasures that will lessen the possibility of the incident from happening.

Contextual Environment For Business Commerce Essay

Contextual Environment For Business Commerce Essay This article talks about External Environmental forces which force the organization to change their business strategy and its effect directly or indirectly on their business. This article also reviews the current and future demographic and culture trends changing in UK. In this article you will find out the PESTLE and forecasting techniques of Micro soft in detail according to UK Market with SWOT analysis of organization Analysis the data to uncover and understand cause-effect relationships, thus providing basis for problem solving and decision making Including demographic, socio-cultural, legal/political aspects and demand trend 1.2 Synopsis This article highlights the various factors affecting, creating changes and impact on the organisations performance globally. It deals with those critical scenarios in which companies decisions are derived by the globalisation phase. When organisations are almost compelled to restructure their competitive strategies to achieve the overall organisations objectives. This article discusses about the changes in the global environment 1.3 Literature Review According to an independent research, over 95 percent of the worlds computers work on Microsofts operating platform. In the current global perspective, Microsoft has the largest market share, so thats make them as a market leader. This badge Market Leader opens great opportunities and unexplored market territories. Companies periodically carry out different analytical tools such as SWOT and PESTEL analysis, to be aware that how they are performing and they examine those overlooked segments for market which had been undiscovered. These tools help them to analyse internally pros and cons of the company and help them to identify the external environmental forces which tends to either organisation make others to follow or vice versa. Microsoft is currently facing tremendous change in the trend of consumers, people are more inclined towards Macintosh and Linux based platforms due to much stable platform and above all there are comparatively fewer viruses developed on Macintosh and Linux based platforms. People are diverted towards other brands and Microsoft is losing its creditability and market share which ultimately weaken its grasp on the monopoly which they have created. Microsoft has huge political pressure on it that US government is putting up efforts to divide the company into near about forty different companies, the company has expanded so tremendously that now its one of the greatest threats for US government that Microsoft will be in position to control politics within near future if they remain expanding with the same pace, furthermore US government wants to maintain a healthy competition in the market so that various products can be developed through competitive strategies. Whereas Microsoft is such a company which creates numerous business opportunities for their partner organisations. When measuring the economic impact of a company like Microsoft, organisation has to consider both either direct or indirect impact induced by the effective creation of the new business opportunities. Gates strategy has been to leverage Microsofts desktop operating system to dominate all software sales-from word processing to spreadsheets. Because most new PCs are equipped with the Windows operating system, Gates can place icons for Microsoft software packages on the desktops when a computer is purchased. Also, Microsofts large cash reserves give it an advantage over its competitors. Microsoft can enter a new market or introduce a new package without needing to make a profit from the outset. In April 1995, when Microsoft attempted to make the biggest acquisition in the history of the software industry by purchasing Intuit, a maker of personal-finance software, the antitrust division of the Department of Justice blocked the deal and Microsoft backed off. However, competitors continue to complain that Microsoft uses an existing monopoly to retard the development of new technology. It was the bundling of software, such as Web browsers with Windows 95 and 98 that prompted the Justice Department to file an antitrust lawsuit against the company in 1998. A U.S. Court of Appeals panel ruled that Microsoft was free to bundle its software, but a court date was set for September 1998 to determine the final ruling. In addition, Gates invested $1 billion in the cable company Comcast in 1998 in an effort to persuade the cable industry to assist in developing faster connections using cable modems. That same year, Microsoft formed the Cable Broadband Forum with Intel,  TCI, and Time Warner to promote cable modems. The company also invested $425 million to guarantee itself a 20 percent equity stake in the cable access venture, Road Runner. Microsoft employs around 20,000 people in 48 countries. A typical Microsoft employee is very intelligent, but may only have little if any experience much like Gates own background. Gates also invites challenge and confrontation to maintain flexibility (Microsoft Corporation, 2010) (Bruno Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie, 2005) Read more:  Gates, Bill Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Social and Economic Impact, Chronology: Bill Gates  http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6234/Gates-Bill.html#ixzz0k2F2Txf9 Gates took very efficient strategic change by setting up a software house in India, due to several reasons behind. The basic purpose behind was to acquire huge market of India which was a tremendous business opportunity for Microsoft Corporation. The other related target was to control Indian IT immigrants to come to US finding opportunities at Microsoft when they can find wide scope in their home land. The added benefit which Microsoft Corporation has got was of low cost IT personnel which ultimately help them cut down the cost of developing new softwares. In return what advantage India has got is massive amount of economical growth into their country, substantial amount of foreign investments came into their country, demand for IT personnels drastically went up and moreover they got the technology for designing and developing softwares. Due to this several different local software houses emerged into and they now built it into a Software Industry. These are the pros of globalisatio ns, well sometimes it may be misused in order to fulfil specific interests and objectives. With this strategic movement of Microsoft Corporation, it enhances up the demand of IT personnel in India thus resulting up a great vacuum for IT people. People not only from India but several different ethnic groups came to India to join Microsoft, which ultimately helps India to stop brains into their country and a great opportunity for them to get the most out of those brains. Plus India has got an extra benefit from Microsoft that, it got a huge discounts on Microsofts licensed softwares only for Indian market which on the other hand help them to capture huge market of India which were before using pirated softwares. Microsoft lowered down their software prices which could be affordable for the local market and made compulsory for every single person to use Microsoft Licensed Softwares. Organisations periodically carry out SWOT and PESTEL analysis just to be aware of them where they are standing and where they have to reach. The most important issue and which Microsoft has been facing since early stage are of piracy. Microsoft still couldnt be able to overcome this problem and facing substantial losses due to its pirated products. Microsoft has developed and followed various different software monitoring teams which search those cooperate users which do businesses on pirated products. To overcome this thing in India they developed a strategy they lowered the prices of those softwares which were commonly used in both cooperate and domestic sectors, so that it came in the reach on every user. This strategy reduces the usage of pirated Microsoft products in India, whereas in other Asian countries like Pakistan, Microsoft didnt follow the same strategy in Pakistan too, due to insubstantial market as compared to India. With the implementation of cost reduction strategy in India, Microsoft was seems to be obliged to do the same strategy with Pakistan too, but it doesnt happen due to the market analysis conducted before implementing the same strategy in Pakistan. The major reason was the size of the substantial market of Pakistan, which wasnt enough to compensate with the reduced cost. Microsoft is currently facing change in buying behaviour of their well known gamming console called Xbox 360, customers are demanding shake and twisting intelligence systems in their gaming consoles whereas their competitors Nintendo Wii gaming console has more advance shake and twist intelligence features in it which Microsoft is compelled to follow if they still want to be in market leader position. This compilation of bringing up same or more advance features in their products is actually customer driven and according to the demand in the market, Microsoft has to modify their product. In developing and implementing a business strategy, organisation should follow the standard set of procedure so that every step should be organised, well prepared and organisations must also develop a backup plan if in case strategy doesnt go in favour then a backup plan must be ready all resources being used in it also have to be ready in order to act fast. Sometimes after doing secret homework and all company was just in position to announce any marketing campaign, these campaign sometimes leaked my one of an official and competitor launch campaign before the original developer of the campaign, so these cases organisations have another plan to attract potential market towards their products. Microsoft has various different mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures with other organisations. Usually Microsoft acquire small to medium size competitors to remain their monopoly in the sector but big giants like Yahoo and Google, Microsoft has partner collaboration with them. Microsoft acquire Yahoo, but in this acquisition the brand of Yahoo remained, Microsoft didnt eliminate the brand of Yahoo because Microsoft still wanted to remain competition within these two giants in either cases profits will be on Microsoft. Yahoo lovers remain with them and similarly Microsoft market remains with them. Couple of years back, Microsoft and Google did a joint venture named as a GooSoft the two formal archrivals will work cooperatively for the first time in history. Google will use an Open Source version of Windows Mobile to develop similar platform like Apple iPhones platform. On other hand, Microsoft will get chance to redevelop its search engine operations with collaborations with Google, this is one of the sectors in which Microsoft is losing battle very badly. This joint venture will help both of the companies to develop their weak parts and can better perform against Apple, Palm and other handheld devices manufacturers. (Freeman, 2010) Currently demography has been changed a lot within the last couple of year due to various reasons. There is now three censuses based record covering all constituent parts of the UK. All three of them include linked data from vital registration systems. During the last couple of years population of United Kingdom drastically increases due to the easy approach of immigrants in to the country. The amount has been projected to be increased tremendously as Olympics 2012 event is going to be in United Kingdom. Organisations are constantly scanning the external environment where they can cater market with their services. People from all ethnic groups, age groups, religion arrive here and it could be a huge opportunities to cater them. Globalisation plays very potent role in expanding the canvas of business of an organisation. Due to this several different entry barriers are removed and most of the time organisations started new market development where they started to explore new territories. With the globalisation of the company as Microsoft, when Windows Vista was going to launch, Microsoft launched it in its 4000 stores across the globe at a same time, all marketing strategies and planning were done centrally and they launched it on a same day everywhere. Globalisation is bring up various different changes in social trends in United Kingdom, now a days people prefer more to chat and greet virtually (i.e. online, mobile phone and etc) with their relatives rather than meeting them personally. This trend has drastically increased with the development of advanced IT and telecommunications products. While on the other hands young children are also now slaves of these high tech products. Children prefer more to play on virtual devices rather than involving in physical games. Following are the statistical data for United Kingdom Migration is an important driver of population change but migration patterns vary across the EU. Much migration is economically driven but there are other drivers of migration which include for example educational and familial factors. Factors that influence migrant choices of destination country include geographical proximity, historical and cultural ties and economic globalisation, whereby jobs are created outside the country of the sponsoring company. Data are not available to assemble a complete matrix of migration flows between the individual countries of the EU. None the less, a recent Council of Europe report that presents analyses of the data that are available shows the following patterns in moves by people of working age. The majority of economic migrants from central and eastern EU countries move to elsewhere in the EU, Germany and Austria receive a high proportion of economic migrants from central and Eastern EU countries. This containment within Europe is also seen in ot her countries such as Sweden. On the other hand, looking at migrants to countries such as the UK, the Netherlands, Malta, Spain and Italy, there is a high proportion of migrants from outside the EU. A subject of much debate in Europe is the extent to which EU enlargement will impact on migratory flows. Since accession there has been some movement of citizens of the acceding countries to some other parts of the EU but the extent to which migration to and from non-EU countries might be affected is unknown. Changes in the patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation have implications for family formation and dissolution. The traditional nuclear family through marriage is still the norm in the EU but a wider range of family and household types is emerging, from lone parent families to step and extended family types. Within Europe, the rise in cohabitation, divorce and remarriage has been particularly evident in the Nordic member states, the Netherlands and the UK. The trends in partnership formation and dissolution mean that children are likely to experience family disruption whilst growing up and some will experience it more than once. There has been a marked increase in the number of births outside marriage over the last decade. The rate has raised from 9.6 percent of all live births in 1990 to 28.6 per cent in the countries of Europe prior to enlargement and similar rises have been seen in many of the acceding countries. The increasing numbers of older people and increased life expectancy have very significant implications for retirement, pensions, health and care, particularly as the number of the oldest old (aged over 85) continues to grow. With improved health the less old are much more active participants in society, for example, taking on caring roles for younger generations in their family, participating in the voluntary sector or continuing in the labour market. Recent reports have highlighted the need for people to anticipate that they should expect to live longer and build this into their financial planning for their retirement, particularly for their oldest years.9 Higher life expectancy means there is a longer period between departure from the work force and becoming highly dependent on services. More people may want to work past retirement age or adopt more flexible working patterns as they get older, perhaps making more use of part-time working opportunities past the usual retirement age . At the same time, larger numbers of older people are taking advantage of property markets to spend significant periods living in another country. There are fundamental difficulties in making reliable estimates of migration, due principally to the lack of data, particularly on emigration. It is generally recognised that more needs to be done to obtain estimates that are accurate, coherent and comparable. Not only is information required about the flows of immigrants and emigrants and their characteristics but also about the numbers of immigrants and their integration into the society and economy of their new country. In individual countries there is considerable interest in international migration that is between Member States as well as migration from outside the EU region. Such information is important in understanding population change and in assessing the diversity of the population and its structures. In addition to international migration, Member States require reliable information about population migration within the country because there are significant implications for housing provision, service provision, local regen eration and local labour markets. The UK are planning for the next Census in 2011, working closely with colleagues in other census-taking countries, both in the EU and internationally, to share experience and lessons learned from the 2000 round of censuses. In Europe a UN ECE Census Task Force exists to review recommendations for the 2010 round of censuses. Between now and 2011, considerable efforts are in hand to improve the quality of intercensal population estimates for local areas and migration estimates. Post 2011, the vision is to move towards an integrated population statistics system that utilises address registers, population registers, administrative sources and surveys. This approach will involve the linkage of records at an individual level for statistical purposes. There are substantial issues to be resolved, such as barriers that currently prevent the linkage of administrative records and the need to gain acceptability from the public, but the benefits in terms of the quality of population statistics wi ll be significant. Policy makers in much of Europe have expressed deep concerns with regard to the increasing pressure on health and social care costs arising from the demographic ageing of their populations (Richter 1992). Although a number of (cross-national) studies have considered the determinants of (especially) health care costs, only one has found that the age structure of the population (proportion of population aged 65 and over being taken as the age structure indicator) is an explanatory factor alongside the effects of income, lifestyle characteristics, and environmental factors (Kleiman 1974; Getzen 1992; Gerdtham et al 1998; Hitris and Posnett, 1992; Leu 1986; OECD 1987; OConnell 1996; Gerdtham et al 1992, 1992a). This brief paper attempts to address relevant issues relating to population ageing and health and social care expenditure, including economic evaluations, drawing primarily on UK and North American literature from both medical and economics journals. Particularly the paper by Sesh amani and Gray (2002) is worthy of extra note. It should be pointed out that this is not intended to be an extensive exhaustive review of the literature on the effects of population ageing on health and social care expenditure nor on economic evaluations of health care. Indeed, as we point out later the number of journal articles on economic evaluations has increased dramatically through the 1980s and 1990s, totalling more than 5500 in peerreviewed journals in those two decades, with approximately 4000 of these in the 1990s alone. However, there seems to be a consensus of opinion in the literature addressed in this brief paper supporting a non-extensive review that economic evaluations lack methodological robustness and integrity in relation to resource allocation. Especially cross-national comparisons appear to be problematic. Before via the literature we consider the impact of ageing on health (and social) care expenditures (in the UK) and the economics of health care (evaluations/interventions), we present briefly UK (and European) population data as a demographic backdrop to that work along with a brief review of UK policy initiatives for the health and social care of older people particularly aimed at preventing dependence. Regulatory bodies are formed to create check and balance system for organisation; these bodies monitor the performance of organisations and develop fair dealing between buyer and seller. These bodies help customers if they are getting unfair deals or being ripped off from the seller. Regulatory bodies also keep strict eye on the competition practices between competitors. In United Kingdom an independent organisation know as The Office of fair Trading. A system has been developed to control and directed accordingly is known as Corporate Governance, with this system business activities of an organisations are regulated. The process includes manages customs, legislations, policies, laws and institution affecting the way a corporation is directed, administrated or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the several stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed. The basic stakeholders are the shareholders, management, and the board of directors. Other stakeholders include employees, customers, creditors, suppliers, regulators, and the community at large. Corporate Governance has positive impact on organisation that it strengthened economy and hence good corporate governance is a tool for socio-economic development. Corporate governance is a set of framework of accountability to users, stakeholders and the wider community within which organisations take decisions, and lead and c ontrol their functions to achieve their objectives. In this globalised world, it has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways major of them are; Industrial emergence of worldwide production houses and wider access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Movement of goods between and within national boundaries. International trade of manufactured goods across borders increased drastically. Financially emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. Few studies have sufficient people aged 85 and over to obtain reliable results. Demographers of ageing are frequently required to compare age groups for example, 55-64 years, 65-74, 75-84 and 85 years and over. However, numbers of very old people (those aged 85 and over) in most surveys are not sufficient for more complex statistical analyses: for example, around 300 for the GHS, 400 for the BHPS. An exception is the Family Resources Survey, which has a large sample of 800 very old people. Otherwise the most usual strategy is to use two or three years data from a cross-sectional survey, assuming the same questions were asked each year. A sample of very old people can thus be assembled.29 Again, the Census, SAR and the ONS LS are the best sources for analysing the demographic characteristics of very old people. The increasing proportion of very old people, however, may generate new problems for collecting data: questionnaires should be readable by people with visual impairments; inte rviewers should be ready to cope with people with hearing problems. Interviewing older people usually takes a longer time. Additionally, very old people may not capable of being interviewed, so it is possible that the use of proxy interviews will increase in the future. Very old people may also be less likely to participate in surveys, especially when interviews are conducted door to door. Courtesy of http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/PT118_V1.pdf 1.4 Conclusion and Recommendations Finally, in the end I would like to say that although Microsoft is very good organization and they are the market leader of information technology industry but if they cannot change their strategy accordingly the demand then they will lose their position they will not over confidence but they will need to make USP of their product according to market demand.

A Hierarchical Regression Analysis Psychology Essay

A Hierarchical Regression Analysis Psychology Essay This study was conducted to determine what the predictors of Body Mass Index are. There were two research questions of this study. First research question was How well the type of chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption predict body mass index, after controlling for gender physical activity? Second research question was How well do fat percentage and cacao percentage in chocolate explain body mass index, after controlling the results of the first research question? In order to reveal the predictors hierarchical regression analysis was used. In this study BMI was outcome variable; gender, type of chocolate, fat rate in chocolate, cocoa rate in chocolate, frequency of chocolate consumption and frequency of physical activity in a week were predictor variables. The study was conducted with 600 university students. Method Participants and the Variables The sample of the study was consisted of 600 Middle East Technical University students; 46.3% (n=278) were male and 53.7% (n=322) were female. Convenience sampling method was used to determine the participants. The most crowded places of the university, such as library, market area, dormitory area, were selected as data collection areas. Requisite sample size for multiple regression could be calculated with the formula of number of predictors * 8 + 50. According to formula required sample size is 106 (7*8+50). While there are 600 students, sample size is quite enough to conduct multiple regression. The questionnaire used in this study was consisted of seven items which are presented in Table 1. Moreover, there is an id number for each participant. Totally, there were six continuous and two categorical variables on data file. Table 1 List of variables and brief descriptions in the data file Variable Name Description of the variable Id Identity number of each participant BMI Body Mass Index Gender Gender (1: Male; 2: Female) Type Type of chocolate ( 1: Milk; 2: Berry; 3: Peanut) Fat Fat rate (%) in chocolate Cacao Cacao rate (%)in chocolate Frequency Frequency of chocolate consumption (number of chocolates eaten in the last week) Activity Frequency of physical activity in a week Data Analysis Plan In this study hierarchical regression will be held to find out how much the predictors can explain the dependent variable, BMI. In hierarchical regression different models are tested sequentially. In contrast to stepwise regression, researcher decides the sequence of the predictors that included the model. Three different models will be used to determine how much these independent variables predict the dependent variable. In the first model gender and frequency of physical activity in a week will be included into analysis. In the second model, gender and frequency of physical activity in a week will be controlled; type of chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption will be included into analysis. In the third model, gender, frequency of physical activity in a week, type of chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption will be controlled, fat percentage and cacao percentage in chocolate will be included into analysis. To conduct the regression analysis, categorical data should be recoded. There are three different ways to do this; dummy coding, effects coding and contrast coding. In this study, dummy coding will be used to recode categorical data. In dummy coding, one categorical variable recode into different variables that the number of new variables are one less than the number of categories. Nevertheless, a categorical variable should have at least three levels to be recoded. A categorical variable with two levels such as gender neednt to be recoded. In this study there were two categorical data; gender and type of chocolate. As it mentioned before, gender neednt to be recoded. The other categorical variable, type of chocolate, should be recoded. Milk chocolate will be selected as reference variable; and, two other variables will be coded as milkvsberry and milkvspeanut. Likewise all other multivariate statistical methods, Multiple Regression has various assumptions; and, all these assumptions should be checked before conducting the analysis. First assumption of multiple regression is normality. Unlike other multivariate analysis, regression analysis checks whether the error distributes normally or not. Secondly, multicollinearity, which is high level of intercorrelation among predictor variables, should be checked. Thirdly, assumption of homoscedasticity should be checked. Homoscedasticity assumes that the variance of the error term is constant across each value of the predictor. This means that there should not be seen a pattern on scatter plot. Fourth assumption is independence, that the error term is independent of the predictors in the model and of the values of the error term for other cases. The fifth assumption of multiple regression is linearity. Lastly, outliers should be check whether they affect the results or not. Partial plots, leverage statistics, Cooks D, DFBeta and Mahalonobis distance could be used to determine outliers. Results Descriptive Statistics Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the study. Table 2 shows that there is no missing data; mean of dependent variable, BMI, is 24.65 and the standard deviation is 4.48. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N body mass index 24.65 4.48 600 Gender 1.54 .50 600 physical activity in a week 2.62 .74 600 milk chocolate vs berry chocolate .25 .44 600 milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate .27 .45 600 frequency of chocolate consumption 4.66 .73 600 fat rate (%) in chocolate 51.70 9.69 600 cacao rate (%) in chocolate 51.95 9.96 600 Table 3 shows the correlations between the variables. If the table is examine it is seen that the best predictor of BMI is fat rate in chocolate. There is a positive and high correlation between the BMI and fat rate in chocolate. On the other hand, there is no correlation between BMI and gender, physical activity in a week, milk chocolate vs berry chocolate. Moreover, there is no correlation higher than .90 between the independent variables. Table 3 Correlation Matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pearson Correlation body mass index (1) 1.00 Gender (2) -.03 1.00 physical activity in a week (3) .04 -.13 1.00 milk chocolate vs berry chocolate (4) -.03 .03 -.11 1.00 milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate (5) .23 -.02 .12 -.36 1.00 frequency of chocolate (6) consumption .31 .12 .15 -.05 .19 1.00 fat rate (%) in chocolate (7) .64 -.12 .08 .02 .21 .30 1.00 cacao rate (%) in chocolate (8) .52 .08 .03 -.04 .22 .28 .51 1.00 Assumptions The first assumption of multiple regression to be checked is normality. Unlike other analysis, normality of residuals is checked whether errors normally distributed or not. Normality of residuals could be checked via two different ways; histogram and P-P plot. Figure 1 shows the histogram of regression standardized residuals. The histogram shows that there is a normal distribution of residuals. The frequency distribution of residuals is close to normal distribution line. Moreover, figure 2 shows the P-P plot of regression standardized residuals and it shows that distribution of errors is normal. It can be said that first assumption of multiple regression, normality, is not violated. Figure 1 Histogram of Regression Standardized Residual Figure 2 P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual The second assumption of multiple regression to be checked is multicollinearity. Multicollinearity could be checked with correlation matrix, VIF or tolerance values. There should not be any correlation that is higher than .90 between two independent variables. When the correlation matrix (Table 3) is examined there is no correlation higher than .90 between two independent variables. Table 4 shows the collinearity statistics of all three models. VIF values more than four or tolerance values higher than .20 are indicators of multicollinearity. Table 4 shows that there is no VIF value higher than four or tolerance value higher than .20. So, assumption of multicollinearity is not violated. Table 4 Collinearity Statistics Model Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) Gender .98 1.02 physical activity in a week .98 1.02 2 (Constant) Gender .96 1.04 physical activity in a week .94 1.06 milk chocolate vs berry chocolate .87 1.15 milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate .84 1.19 frequency of chocolate consumption .93 1.08 3 (Constant) Gender .92 1.08 physical activity in a week .94 1.06 milk chocolate vs berry chocolate .86 1.17 milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate .80 1.24 frequency of chocolate consumption .84 1.19 fat rate (%) in chocolate .67 1.49 cacao rate (%) in chocolate .70 1.43 The third assumption of multiple regression to be checked is homoscedasticity. Scatter plot of predicted value and residual is used to control homoscedasticity. Any pattern should not be seen on the scatter plot. Figure 4 shows that there is no pattern on the scatter plot; so, there is not homoscedasticity. Figure 4 Scatter plot of predicted value and residual The fourth assumption of multiple regression to be checked is independence. Independence is affected by the order of the independent variables and can be ignored if the order of independent variables is not important. Order of the independent variables is important in this study; so, independence should be checked in this study. Independence is checked with Durbin-Watson value that should be between 1.5 and 2.5. Durbin-Watson value of the model is 1.88; so, independence assumption is not violated. The last assumption of multiple regression is linearity. We assume that linearity is not violated in this study. Influential Observations Data should be checked whether there are outliers or not. Outliers could cause misleading results. There are different ways of checking outliers in multiple regression such as Partial plots, leverage statistics, Cooks D, DFBeta and Mahalonobis distance. Each method uses a different calculation method; so, multiple methods should be used and then make a decision whether a data is outlier or not. At first, partial plots of the dependent variable with each of the independent variable is examined (see on figure 5,6,7,8 and 9). Some cases that could be outliers are seen on each partial plot; but, this should not be forgotten, making decision over partial plots is a subjective way and other ways of controlling outliers should be used. A decision could be made even after all methods were conducted. Figure 5 Partial Plot of BMI and physical activity in a week Figure 6 Partial Plot of BMI and milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate Figure 7 Partial Plot of BMI and frequency of chocolate consumption Figure 8 Partial Plot of BMI and fat rate in chocolate Figure 9 Partial Plot of BMI and cacao rate in chocolate After controlling partial plots, leverage value could be controlled to identify the outliers. It is seen that there is no case, leverage value of which is higher than .50. According to leverage test results there is no outlier. Table 5 Extreme Values of Leverage Test Case Number Value Centered Leverage Value Highest 1 448 .04 2 384 .04 3 141 .03 4 324 .03 5 592 .03 Lowest 1 196 .00 2 103 .00 3 535 .05 4 160 .05 5 8 .05 After controlling leverage values, Cooks distance could be controlled. In Cooks Distance, a value greater than the value, calculated with the formula of mean + 2 * standard deviation, can be admitted as outlier. In this study critical value is .008 (.002+2*(.003)). Maximum value of Cooks distance is .03; so, it is expected that there will be outliers. Boxplot of Cooks distance (figure 10) shows that the cases 499, 438, 449, 236, 284, 484, 37, 354, 137, 97, 324 and 165 could be outliers. On the other hand, according to Cook and Weisberg (1982) values greater than 1 could be admitted as outlier. So, it can be assumed that there is no outlier. Figure 10 Boxplot of Cooks distance After controlling Cooks Distance, DF Beta values of each independent variable could be checked. DF Beta value shows the change in regression coefficient due to deletion of that row with outlier. According to Field (2009) a case can be outlier if absolute value of DF Beta is higher than one. According to Stevens (2002) a case can be outlier if absolute value of DF Beta is higher than two. In this study there is no case that has DF Beta value higher than one (see figure 11). According to DF Beta test values there is no outlier in this study. Figure 11 Boxplots of DF Beta values of Independent Variables Lastly, Mahalanobis Distance could be controlled to identify the outliers. If there is any case that is greater than the value of chi square at ÃŽÂ ±=.001 that could be admitted as outlier. The critical value at ÃŽÂ ±=.001 with seven predictors is 24.32. Table 6 shows the extreme values for this study and there is no value greater than 24.32. According to Mahalanobis distance test there is no outlier. Table 6 Extreme Values of Mahalanobis Distance Case Number Value Mahalanobis Distance Highest 1 448 23.72 2 384 20.90 3 141 20.50 4 324 19.15 5 592 17.99 Lowest 1 196 2.62 2 103 2.62 3 535 2.78 4 160 2.78 5 8 2.78 If the results of each test is summarized; Partial plots shows that there could be outliers, Leverage values show that there is no outliers, Cooks distance values show that there is no outlier, DF Beta values show that there is no outlier. According to results of the tests, it could be assumed that there is no outlier. Regression Results A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors of BMI. Three different models were examined to understand which predictor explains has how much variance. Table 7 shows the summary of three models. Among three models, the first model is not statistically significant; the second and third models are significant. In the first model; gender and physical activity in a week were the predictors. This model explains the .2% of total variance, but insignificant; F (2, 597) = .67; p > .05. In the second model, milk chocolate vs berry chocolate, milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption are the predictors after controlling for the effect of gender and physical activity in a week. This model explains 13% of total variance explained significantly, F (3, 594) = 28.901; p In the third model, cacao rate (%) in chocolate, fat rate (%) in chocolate are the predictors of BMI after controlling for the effect of gender, physical activity in a week, milk chocolate vs berry chocolate, milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption. This model explains 34% of total variance explained significantly, F (2, 592) = 189.154, p Table 7 Regression Analysis Model Summary Model R R2 Change Statistics Durbin-Watson ΆR2 ΆF df1 df2 Ά Sig. F 1 .05a .00 .00 .69 2 597 .50 2 .36b .13 .13 28.90 3 594 .00 3 .69c .47 .34 189.15 2 592 .00 1.879 a. Predictors: (Constant), physical activity in a week, gender b. Predictors: (Constant), physical activity in a week, gender, milk chocolate vs berry chocolate, frequency of chocolate consumption, milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate c. Predictors: (Constant), physical activity in a week, gender, milk chocolate vs berry chocolate, frequency of chocolate consumption, milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate, cacao rate (%) in chocolate, fat rate (%) in chocolate d. Dependent Variable: body mass index Table 8 shows the Coefficients of Hierarchical Regression Analysis that shows the significance and total variance explained by each predictor. In the first model any of the predictors significantly predicts the dependent variable, BMI. It can be said that neither the model, nor the predictors are statistically significant and do not predict the outcome variable, F (2, 597) = .67; p > .05. In the second model, overall model is significant, F (3, 594) = 28.901; p In the third model, overall model is significant, F (2, 592) = 189.154, p Table 8 Coefficients of Hierarchical Regression Analysis Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t p Correlations B Std. Error Beta Part 1 (Constant) 24.419 .941 25.938 .000 Gender -.232 .370 -.026 -.628 .530 -.026 physical activity in a week .226 .251 .037 .900 .369 .037 2 (Constant) 17.165 1.309 13.110 .000 milk chocolate vs berry chocolate .539 .423 .052 1.273 .204 .049 milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate 1.943 .420 .193 4.629 .000 .177 frequency of chocolate consumption 1.751 .245 .283 7.135 .000 .273 3 (Constant) 5.426 1.191 4.557 .000 fat rate (%) in chocolate .221 .017 .477 13.033 .000 .390 cacao rate (%) in chocolate .109 .016 .242 6.766 .000 .203 a. Dependent Variable: body mass index Discussion Two different research questions were tried to be answered in this study. First research question was How well the type of chocolate and frequency of chocolate consumption predict body mass index, after controlling for gender physical activity?. Second research question was How well do fat percentage and cacao percentage in chocolate explain body mass index, after controlling the results of the first research question?. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to answer the research questions. Three models were examined to find the predictors and their contribution to these models. The first model that examines that how well gender and physical activity in a week predict the dependent variable. Result of the first model shows that neither model nor predictors significantly predict the BMI. The second model examined to answer the first research question. This model predicts 13% of total variance explained. Milk chocolate vs berry chocolate does not significantly explain the BMI. Milk chocolate vs peanut chocolate explains 3%, frequency of chocolate consumption explains 7% of total variance explained. The third model examined to answer the second research question. This model predicts 47% of total variance explained and 34% of total variance explained uniquely. Fat rate in chocolate explains 15% and cacao rate in chocolate explains 4% of total variance uniquely. When all models were examined it is seen that fat rate in chocolate is the best predictor of BMI by explaining 15% of total variance explained. Frequency of chocolate consumption is the second by explaining 7% of total variance explained. Cacao rate is the third predictor by explaining 4% of total variance explained.