The Scientific Revolution and Innovations free essay sample

This paper talks about in detail a portion of the fundamental figures of the logical upset. What's more it shows a portion of the advancements that were made during this time. This paper gives a record of how the logical insurgency affected the world. The creator gives instances of a portion of the developments that were made during this timeframe just as the various individuals that assumed a significant job during the upset. Over the earth lay a progression of crystalline circles, one of which contained the moon, another the sun, and still others the planet and the stars?.Other key figures during this timeframe were Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. Every one of them utilized Copernicuss data to help build up their own hypotheses. Notwithstanding them, Isaac Newton assumed a key job to help prepare for science. He utilized all the hypotheses that his antecedents had concocted and sorted everything out. We will compose a custom article test on The Scientific Revolution and Innovations or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This period realized philosophical changes just as logical changes. Francis Bacon presented another path for researchers to think. These men were the key figures in what is known as the Scientific Revolution.

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Free Essays

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card Systemâ â Lam Ka Chun 3035069794 The University of Hong Kong CCST9029 Cyberspace Crime: Technology and Ethics Dr. K. P. We will compose a custom paper test on The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card Systemâ â or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Chow Ms. Chan Vivien Pui Shan Abstract This article is about the spillage of information of the Octopus card organization. In 2010 , Octopus offered the data of their customers to 6 organizations for advancement and made a benefit of 44 million Hong Kong dollars more than 4. 5 years . Taking into account the instance of Octopus case, this article will experience three section to consider it : specialized viewpoint, moral angle and legitimate perspective. It will likewise recommend achievable recommendations. The dis-genuine organization drove a spillage of individual information: Octopus Card Company Introduction of Octopus card organization According to the insights, 95% of those between the ages of 16 and 65 have an Octopus and Octopus forms more than 12 million exchanges per day. The card is acknowledged by in excess of 100 transportation specialist organizations and 160 retailers, including 7-Eleven, Starbucks, and Park Shop. It can likewise be utilized at pay telephones, photograph corners, and parking structures. This uncovers the octopus is ordinarily and broadly utilized. Additionally suggested that the spillage of individual information impacts many individuals. Specialized Issue as far as specialized Issue, Octopus card is a battery-powered contactless put away worth brilliant card utilized broadly in transportation and retail business. How might it move the cash without contact? It is on the grounds that it utilized the strategy of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). We will go into more profound of the RFID. RFID is the utilization of a remote non-contact framework that utilizations radio-recurrence electromagnetic fields to move information from a label joined to an article, for the reasons for programmed recognizable proof and following. The Octopus card requires no battery and are fueled and perused at short ranges by means of attractive fields (electromagnetic enlistment). The tag contains electronically put away data which can be perused from up to a few meters (yards) away. Dissimilar to a scanner tag, the tag shouldn't be inside view of the peruser and might be implanted in the followed object. RFID labels are additionally utilized in numerous businesses. A RFID label appended to a vehicle during creation can be utilized to keep tabs on its development through the sequential construction system. Pharmaceuticals can be followed through distribution centers. Domesticated animals and pets may have labels infused, permitting positive distinguishing proof of the creature. Moral Issue as far as the moral issue, there are a couple of focuses we might want to talk about. Right off the bat it is whether there is an excessive amount of individual data required in the customer understanding. The Octopus Company was examined concerning if the individual data required on the customer understanding was excessively. The whiner asserted that the essential data required by the plan is in reality simply name and Octopus card number. Likewise, the customer understanding was not easy to use, in light of the fact that the content was excessively little, practically incomprehensible and the entire articulation is excessively long and ungainly. In any case, then again, these days Hong Kong resident are effectively give out their data without knowing how the data will be utilized. The familiarity with insurance their own information is excessively frail. It’s consistently customers’ obligation to peruse the entire explanation regardless of how not easy to understand it is on the grounds that it ought to act naturally to ensure their own security. Lawful Issue The Octopus Card Company has really sued the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance. The organization gathered unreasonable individual information with the end goal of client confirmation and it neglected to find a way to guarantee that the candidates were unequivocally educated regarding the classes of people to whom the information might be moved. Additionally, the organization shared member’s individual information with outsiders for financial increases without their assent. The arrangement of information for financial increase was not explicitly expressed in the Terms and Condition. This occurrence has really featured the deficiencies of the current Ordinance as open desire in information protection raises, particularly those related to business exercises. Hence, the legislature has changed the statute in 2012 to secure information users’ right. Six information insurance standards: Principle 1 †reason and way of assortment of individual information Principle 2 †exactness and span of maintenance of individual information Principle 3 †utilization of individual information Principle 4 †security of individual information Principle 5 †data to be commonly accessible Principle 6 †access to individual information DPP1 and DPP3 are abused. Since the octopus organization sold the information of their customers, the motivation behind assortment of individual information is unique in relation to what the pubic idea about. Likewise, there is no immediate identified with octopus framework when the information is utilized. Thusly, utilization of individual information is likewise damaged. Proposal There are four recommendations which can help ensuring individual information. As a matter of first importance, because of the little thoughtfulness regarding secure their own data of the resident, the legislature ought to instruct the resident to develop ensuring individual information. Second, upgrades can be made in the security and protection frameworks of organizations to guarantee low unintended information spillage. Third, government should make the standard stricter and more clear all together not to let the organizations get away from the law. Forward, set up a division to explore among the all the organizations to check whether there is comparative issue occurred. All in all, when our own information has been spilled, it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to stop the spreading of the information. It is both, organizations, government and citizens’ duties to ensure our own information. Reference Websites: http://healthymethod. blogspot. hk/2011/06/octopus-card-outrage. html http://www. cdeclips. com/en/hongkong/fullstory. html? id=49560 http://www. octopus. com. k/octopus-for-organizations/benefits-for-your-business/en/file. html A video of RFID http://www. explania. com/en/channels/innovation/detail/what-is-rfid PDPOhttp://www. enactment. gov. hk/blis_pdf. nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/B4DF8B4125C4214D482575EF000EC5FF/$FILE/CAP_486_e_b5. pdf Newspapers: The Standard, ‘Legco test alert in Octopus information row’ 2/8/2010 The Standard, ‘Octopus boss hush-hush as open says time to go’ 4/8/2010 Articles: Richard MacManus (2 September 2009). â€Å"Hong Kong’s Octopus Card: Utility Outweighs Privacy Concerns†. Step by step instructions to refer to The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card Systemâ â , Papers

Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example

Reaction to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. Exposition This milestone discourse of the Civil Rights Movement is one of the most remarkable open addresses ever. It was conveyed by Martin Luther King Jr. on 28th August 1963 at the means of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. The discourse is excellent for the two its coherent legitimacy and passionate intrigue. Undoubtedly perusing the transcript of the discourse weakens a portion of its explanatory impacts that were seen firsthand by the lucky assembly at the Lincoln Memorial. Lord utilizes a scope of implications and images to fortify his message of racial correspondence. He utilizes Biblical manner as easily as he cites from the introduction to the Constitution. He likewise utilizes normal regular encounters, for example, ‘en-liquidating checks’ to show a political point. In spite of the fact that the discourse is conveyed for political assembly and has for its subject the profound established social disquietude of racial segregation, it doesn't forfeit its expository t wists. The blend of a ground-breaking revitalizing cry conveyed with a style verging on lovely recitation makes it the most particular. It is elusive any imperfections with the discourse. This is affirmed by the way that it keeps on being a wellspring of motivation for social activists even today. Reference: Ruler Jr. Martin Luther, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Delivered on the means at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963 Malcolm Gladwell has endeavored to make a remarkable style of grant that explores among science and mainstream society. Therefore he has earned the anger from the two quarters. For instance, researchers blame him for being oversimplified or ailing in meticulousness. On the opposite side, reporters from predominant press blame him for carrying obscure logical ideas to mainstream talk. However, his book The Tipping Point has sold in excess of a 3 million duplicates. His different titles, for example, Blink (2005), Outliers (2008), David and Goliath (2013), and so on, proceed to captivate and incite in equivalent measure. Notwithstanding the contentions encompassing some of Gladwell’s deductions, his thoughts and ways of thinking have become absorbed into well known talk. It is an intriguing activity to concentrate how the most significant social development of ongoing occasions †Occupy Wall Street development (OWS) †has what it takes according to the author’s sp eculations. This article attempts to play out the equivalent. We will compose a custom article test on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The Occupy .

Kurt Cobaines Death And Impact On Fans Essays - Courtney Love

Kurt Cobaine's Death And Impact On Fans ?It's awful any longer. I can't bear it any longer.? The words that would later frequent the world are cumbersomely jotted onto a stack of paper. The room becomes quiet and cold?then BANG! On April 7, 1994, the music world kicked the bucket with a solitary shot injury to the head. Kurdt Donald Cobain removed a music legend and left a void in the music world. When Cobain took his life on that game changing day, he dazed fans, yet additionally devastated one of the most gifted groups ever. The miserable feeling of misfortune that Seattle started to feel immediately spread to the remainder of the nation and to the world also. The young people of a whole sub-culture was crushed. A couple of days after his passing, 7,000 grievers accumulated in Seattle to recall the artist. As Cobain's widow, Courtney Love read her significant other's horrifying self destruction note, individuals lit candles, and tossed consuming bathroom tissue for the skeptical wannabe. Albeit today a portion of the torment may have blurred, the loss of Cobain and his band Nirvana is as yet being felt by teenagers the nation over. ?Great men bite the dust youthful. Kurt was an extraordinary lyricist, artist and individual. He has joined the positions of incredible craftsmen, for example, Jimi Hendrix, and the Nirvana heritage will be with us until the end of time,? communicated Ryan Runkewich, a Nirvana fan. The dregs isn't just communicated by fans, yet additionally by such celebrated artists as R.E.M., Neil Young and the Cranberries who have every single devoted tune in Cobain's memory. Before the blast of the wonder known as Nirvana, the Seattle music scene was generally renowned for its hard-rock blues. In 1988, the Aberdeen local alongside Krist Anthony Novoselic and Dave Grohl started with a demo melody entitled ?Big Cheese? what's more, enamored the central cores of an overlooked age that presently couldn't seem to become well known. Nirvana had the guts to communicate the feelings that youngsters were too reluctant to even think about displaying. The band and its instigator Cobain really turned into the vocal point for battling adolescents. As the 6th commemoration of Cobain's demise rapidly approaches, fans are managed another difficult year to think about his music, life and the exact second when everything finished. Truth be told, most fans can even recollect what they were doing when they heard the news that Cobain was dead. ?At the point when I heard, I was playing a computer game and tuning in to the radio. I got genuine miracle and my companions and I lounged around the entire day tuning in to his music. I for one compensation tribute to his on that loathsome day consistently,? said James V., a Cobain fan. From the unfolding of the 90s grunge music period, Nirvana has been the undisputed pioneer of elective music. The music was a piece of life, but instead it was life for many teenagers looking for an outlet to communicate. Consequently, the memory of Cobain and the Nirvana sound will never kick the bucket in the hearts of fans. Inward harmony what Cobain needed for everybody: ?If you pass on you're totally upbeat and your spirit lives on?I'm not scared of kicking the bucket. Complete harmony after death turning into the another person is the best expectation I've got.Kurdt Donald Cobain. On the off chance that you have components that I can add to this article let me know?I have bunches of data and I have done a ton of research!! I am a specialist J lemme know much appreciated Word Count= 594 List of sources The male perspective: An investigate the average day of a secondary school male Quite a long time ago in a land far away, a youngster named Adam started the chain of male species that would change into the predominant, high and mighty sex of the 90s. From the primary taboo chomp of the apple, to the manly mentality common in most men, the male's considerations have consistently remained the samesex, sports and more sex.? Indeed it is genuine the normal male youngster contemplates sex four times each moment, however there is a whole other world to the brain of a person. Coming up next is a regular calendar of a high school male, living through adolescence, a unimaginable manly perplexing and the entirety of the other hindrances tossed

Dissertation Writing Tips

Dissertation Writing TipsA well-written dissertation is a hard task to accomplish, but it should not be taken lightly. The dissertation is essentially the culmination of all your efforts and dedication, and it should be researched well so that you come up with a solid and truthful dissertation that will stand out among other PhD dissertations.Dissertation writing is an art, not just a mere task. As a PhD student, you have to be meticulous in every step of the process. Here are some tips on dissertation writing to help you achieve your goal.First, you need to know your dissertation topic. This will help you determine the topic and research methods that will help you finish your dissertation in a timely manner. There are also various types of dissertations that you can choose from, but you have to know which one is best for you. The National Council of Graduate Schools (NCGS) provides a list of dissertations that you can choose from online.If you are still uncertain about the dissertat ion topics that you want to write, you can go to the library and browse through their books to see what types of dissertations they have. Books can provide you with a good idea of what dissertations usually entail.After you have determined your dissertation topic, you can proceed to drafting your dissertation. Before drafting your dissertation, make sure that you have already exhausted all possible options on how to write your dissertation. You should also conduct research on the topic so that you can come up with the best dissertation idea possible.Drafting your dissertation is the first step in dissertation writing. In fact, the goal of writing a dissertation is to learn more about the topic so that you can produce a final dissertation. Your dissertation will also be the basis for your application for PhD. It is also important to write your dissertation by researching the topic thoroughly and getting opinions from your professors and from outside sources such as the students you s tudy.As mentioned earlier, there are different types of dissertations that you can choose from. However, one thing you have to keep in mind when writing your dissertation is that you need to provide a clear and accurate dissertation. It is therefore important to choose a professional writer to write your dissertation, if possible.You can also get advice from your professors, either those who specialize in your field or those who are not. If you are having a hard time writing your dissertation, you can always consult with your professors or ask for help from the community. You may also want to consult with any of your friends who have already finished their PhD.

Finding Your Best Fit School Spotlight on American University

These Are a Few of Our Favorite Things... At, we love helping students discover the schools that will be a great academic and social fit for them, where they will be happy and successful. That said, when given the chance, we never hesitate to give a shout out to our own alma maters and share what made that school a great match for us. Previously, members of our team told tales of Turkey Trotting at Lehigh, classes in the Commons at Emerson, and following in the footsteps of strong women at Barnard. This week, the newest member of the team, our Executive Assistant Ashley, tells us about her experiences at American University in Washington, DC: One of the best things about American is undoubtedly its location; it’s close enough to downtown DC to provide all of the benefits of an urban setting, but with a traditional campus nestled in a suburban neighborhood. AU has its very own Metro stop within walking distance of campus, which provides easy access to explore the entire city. But when the hustle-and-bustle of Capitol Hill and K Street overwhelms, students can relax in the beautiful outdoor amphitheater or on the lush main quad – the campus is a registered arboretum, so you’re surrounded by exotic greenery year-round. Even if, like myself, you’re not interested in working for the federal government or becoming a professional activist, it’s almost impossible not to get swept up in the political excitement. And why not? It’s great to get involved, and many students become passionate about the issue of securing voting rights for DC’s elected officials. On any given day, the ca mpus might be swarmed with Secret Service agents, roads might be closed to allow the presidential motorcade to pass through, or the quad might be occupied by a student demonstration. But it’s all part of the fun, and you’ll get the opportunity to see some historic moments – during my sophomore year, I watched Barack Obama accept Ted Kennedy’s endorsement in AU’s Bender Arena. What really made me fall in love with the university, however, was the faculty. AU’s most popular programs, and the ones that receive the most attention in college guides and other independent sources, are majors like political science, international studies, and economics – not surprising, given it’s location. People often gave me quizzical looks when I mentioned I was studying literature and cinema and ask, â€Å"Why would you go to AU for that?† The truth is, AU’s smaller academic departments are its hidden gems. I attended a very small high school, where class sizes were rarely above 15 students and I benefitted from lots of personal attention from my teachers. I fully expected that experience to end in college, but in fact, just the opposite was true. Every professor I had in my four years at AU, from those who taught my major requirements during freshman year to my thesis advisors, were deeply invested in my success. My friends at other schools were always surprised when I mentioned having dinner at a professor’s house, or taking a class trip to see a theater production – not as part of the curriculum, but for fun. This was the norm in my department, and by the time I graduated, I felt like I was a member of a quirky family of scholars. Insider tip: Steak n’ Egg, Tenleytown’s 24-hour greasy spoon, is most popular with students after midnight on weekends and for late Sunday brunches. But if you avoid these times, you’ll also avoid harried servers, loud frat guys, and lots of spilled drinks. Go on a weeknight after class and you’ll have the place to yourself! The owners are great guys who know lots of fascinating DC history.

The Financial Crisis Of 2008 - 1353 Words

The financial crisis of 2008 can be attributed to a number of frivolous political actions and unrealistic policies. It is arguable that hearts were in the right places but minds were elsewhere. The objective policy makers strived towards was to construct mortgages, which were more attainable amongst low-income individuals and families. Ideally in the perfect world, everyone would be able to afford the American dream of owning a home. Unfortunately, reality poses that this is not practical by any means. This politically motivated move was ultimately not economically sound. Not only were sub-prime mortgages being purposefully given out, but also interest rates were compressed to unsustainably low percentages. The Federal Reserve’s Chairman, Alan Greenspan was partly to blame for this. There are several different routes, which could be taken in choosing a mortgage. There is the self-amortizing type, which allows the individual to continue to make the same payment each month. Thei r payment consists of some principle and some interest for the agreed upon duration of time. There is also a fixed rate mortgage plan available, which typically lasts for either fifteen years or thirty years. Adjustment rates are also available to consumers. With this, for the first few years, the individual pays a teaser interest rate. Then the interest rate adjusts to balloon payments. Typically, if the market rate were cheaper, an individual would choose to refinance their loan into a fixed rateShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 20081384 Words   |  6 PagesThe turmoil in the financial markets also known as the financial crisis of 2008 was considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Many areas of the United States suffered. The housing market plummeted and as a result of that, many evictions occurred, as well as foreclosures and unemployment. Leading up to the financial crash, most of the money that was made by investors was based on people speculatin g on investments like real estate, stocks, debt buying, and complex investmentRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081747 Words   |  7 PagesThe economic crisis of 2008 was one for the ages, it changed the world of investing forever. That year, the stock market crashed, bank failures and the infamous wall street bailout that can all be traced back to the subprime mortgage crisis.. The 2008 economic crisis rocked the global economy for the worst, and to this day the United States is trying to recover from the impact that the crisis had. In order to understand why exactly the banks failed people have to understand the subprime mortgageRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081817 Words   |  8 PagesThe financial crisis of 2008 did not arise by chance. The meltdown was precipitated by systematic striping away of the New Deal era policies of bank regulation. Most notable of these deregulatory acts was that of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. This bill repealed the legislation which held commercial banks and investment banks separate. As the beginning of the 21 century approached many bankers clamored for an end to the policy of the â€Å"firewall† between Investment and commercial banks. Gramm-Leach-BlileyRead MoreFinancial Crisis 20085972 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008 Group’s member:Nguyá »â€¦n NhÆ ° Nam (C)Phan Thu AnNguyá »â€¦n Thà ¹y DungHoà  ng Bà ¡ SÆ ¡nNgà ´ Thá »â€¹ à nh Tuyá º ¿tDate: 28/11/2014 | AbstractIn 2008 the world was fell into the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Although this crisis has gone, however, its consequences for the economy of many countries is very serious, even now many nations are still struggling to escape difficulty. Just in a short period, the crisis originating from AmericaRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe 2008 financial meltdown resulted in the most treacherous investment landscape observed since the great depression. The most notorious issue was the subprime mortgage crisis, which had a ripple effect felt through every market in the world. The banks, whose leverage rate should never have been higher than two times capitalization, surged as high as thirty to forty times market cap. With this level of exposure, any unforeseen market fluctuations could mean disaster. Lehman Brothers, the oldestRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081125 Words   |  5 PagesA mortgage meltdown and financial crisis of unbelievable magnitude was brewing and very few people, including politicians, the media, and the poor unsuspecting mortgage borrowers anticipated the ramifications that were about to occur. The financial crisis of 2008 was the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression; ultimately coalescing into the largest bankruptcies in world history--approximately 30 million people lost their jobs, trillions of dollars in wealth diminished, and millions ofRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081689 Words   |  7 PagesOur society seems to doing well since the financial crisis of 2008. The country is recovering from the Great Recession, unemployment is down and the global domestic product is up. People have jobs and are paying taxes. President Obama lowered our budget deficit and promised to make healthcare more available to all. On average, America is well on its way to recovery. But what about the people that slipped through the cracks of the financial stimulus pl an? These are the people that lost their jobsRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2553 Words   |  11 PagesWhen you think of the 2008 financial crisis that affected not just the US economy, but the world as a whole, most average middle-class Americans won’t really know what triggered this economic disaster. Most will probably blame, and rightfully so, those large corporations on Wall Street. These corporations, which deal with insanely large amounts of money, will always be wary of their stocks decreasing. But they also know that 99% of the time, everything will go back to normal in the future. What theyRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20082083 Words   |  9 PagesEver since the economic virus called â€Å"negative interest rates† scattered over European and later Japanese banks, our economic system has been the most unstable since the financial crisis of 2008. The virus, negative interest rates, is a concept in which the central bank charges interest in bor rowing money and holding an account. It was brought forth in efforts to increase economic growth by giving commercial banks a tax on the large amount of reserves they hold in the bank. In other words, commercialRead MoreFinancial Crisis of 20081794 Words   |  8 PagesThe Financial Crisis of 2008 was the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, however a lot of American’s want tougher law of be enforced against executives and companies they think started the mess (Jost/Misconduct). Civil charges have been brought up against major banks for misleading investors, but a federal judge rejected a proposed settlement saying it was too lenient (Jost/Misconduct). The flood of subprime mortgages roiling the housing market in the U.S. is also causing the worldwide

Use the USE Command in MySQL to Switch Databases

Creating a database in MySQL doesnt select it for use. You have to indicate it with the USE command. The USE command is also used when you have more than one database on a MySQL server and need to switch between them. You must choose the correct database each time you start a MySQL session.   The USE Command in MySQL The syntax for the USE command is: mysql  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ For example, this code  switches to the database named Dresses. mysql  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ After you select a database, it remains the default until you end the session or choose another database with the USE command. Identifying the Current Database If you are unsure which database is currently in use, use the following code: This code returns the name of the database currently in use. If no database is currently in use, it returns NULL. To view a list of available databases, use: About MySQL MySQL is an open-source relational database management system that is most often associated with web-based applications. It is the database software of choice for many of the webs largest sites including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. It is also the most popular database management  system for small and medium-sized websites. Almost every commercial web host offers  MySQL services. If you are just using MySQL on a website, you wont need to be involved with the coding—the web host will handle all that—but if you are a developer new to MySQL, youll need to learn SQL to write programs that access MySQL.

History of the Supercontinent Pangea

Pangea (alternative spelling: Pangaea) was a supercontinent that existed on the Earth millions of years ago, covering about one-third of its surface. A supercontinent is a large landmass comprised of multiple continents. In the case of Pangea, nearly all of the Earths continents were connected into a single landform. Most people believe that Pangea began developing over 300 million years ago, was fully formed 270 million years ago, and separated around 200 million years ago. The name Pangea comes from an ancient Greek word meaning all lands. This term was first used in the early 20th century when Alfred Wegener noticed that the Earths continents seemed to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. He later developed the theory of continental drift to explain the shapes and positions of continents and coined the title Pangea at a symposium in 1927 on the topic. This theory evolved over time into the modern study of plate tectonics. Formation of Pangea Pangea was formed through years and years of landmass formation and movement. Mantle convection within the Earths surface millions of years ago caused new material to constantly come to the surface between the Earths tectonic plates at rift zones. These masses or continents then moved away from the rift as new material surfaced. Continents eventually migrated toward one another to combine into one supercontinent and it was in this way that Pangea was born. But how exactly did these landmasses join? The answer is through a lot of migration and collision. Around 300 million years ago, the northwestern part of the ancient continent of Gondwana (near the South Pole) collided with the southern part of the Euramerican continent to form one massive continent. After a while, the Angaran continent (near the North Pole) began to move south and merged with the northern part of the growing Euramerican continent, forming the supercontinent that came to be known as Pangea. This process concluded about 270 million years ago. There was only one landmass separate from Pangea remaining, Cathaysia, and it was made up of north and south China. It never became part of the supercontinent. Once completely formed, Pangea covered around one-third of the Earths surface and the rest was ocean (and Cathaysia). This ocean was collectively called Panthalassa. Division of Pangea Pangea began to break up about 200 million years ago in the same way that it was formed: through tectonic plate movement caused by mantle convection. Just as Pangea was formed through the movement of new material away from rift zones, new material also caused the supercontinent to separate. Scientists believe that the rift that would ultimately divide Pangea began due to a point of weakness in the Earths crust. At that weak area, magma surfaced and created a volcanic rift zone. Eventually, this rift zone grew so large that it formed a basin and Pangea started to dissociate. Ocean Formation Distinct oceans were formed as Panthalassa occupied newly-opened areas of the landmass. The first ocean to form was the Atlantic. About 180 million years ago, a portion of the Atlantic Ocean opened up between North America and northwestern Africa. Around 140 million years ago, the South Atlantic Ocean formed when todays South America separated from the west coast of southern Africa. The Indian Ocean emerged when India separated from Antarctica and Australia. About 80 million years ago, North America and Europe, Australia and Antarctica, and India and Madagascar followed suit and separated. Over millions more years, the continents moved to their approximate current positions. For a diagram of Pangea and its path of separation, visit the United States Geological Surveys Historical Perspective page within This Dynamic Earth. Evidence for Pangea Not everyone is convinced that Pangea ever existed, but there is plenty of evidence that experts use to prove that it did. The strongest support has to do with how the continents fit together. Other evidence for Pangea includes fossil distribution, distinctive patterns in rock strata spread out all around the world, and the global placement of coal. Continents Fitting Together As Alfred Wegener—creator of the continental drift theory—noticed in the early 20th century, the Earths continents seemed to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. This is the most significant evidence for Pangeas existence. The most prominent place where this is visible is along the northwestern coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America. In these locations, the two continents look like they could have been connected at one point, and many believe that they were in the time of Pangea. Fossil Distribution Archaeologists have found matching fossil remains of ancient terrestrial and freshwater species in continents now separated by thousands of miles of ocean. For example, matching freshwater reptile fossils have been found in Africa and South America. Because crossing the Atlantic Ocean would have been impossible for these saltwater-averse creatures, their fossils indicate that the two continents must have once been connected. Rock Patterns Patterns in rock strata are another indicator of the existence of Pangea. Geologists have discovered distinctive patterns in rocks on continents nowhere near each other. Coastal configurations were the first marker to point to a jigsaw puzzle-like continent layout years ago, then geologists were further convinced of Pangeas existence when they discovered that even rock layers on the continents that appear to have once fit together match each other exactly. This indicates that continents must have grown apart as identical rock stratification couldnt have been a coincidence. Coal Placement Finally, the worlds coal distribution is evidence for Pangea in much the same way that fossil distribution is. Coal normally forms in warm, wet climates. However, scientists have found coal under Antarcticas frigid, dry ice caps. For this to be possible, it is believed that the icy continent was previously in another location on the Earth and had a very different climate—which had to have been supportive of coal formation—from today. More Supercontinents Based on evidence that has emerged through the study of plate tectonics, it is likely that Pangea was not the only supercontinent to have existed. In fact, archaeological data found through matching rock types and searching for fossils shows that the formation and destruction of supercontinents like Pangea probably happened again and again throughout history. Gondwana and Rodinia are two supercontinents that scientists support the existence of that were probably around prior to Pangea. Scientists predict that supercontinents will continue to appear. Today, the worlds continents are slowly moving away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge toward the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is believed that they will eventually collide with one another in about 80 million years. Sources Kious, W. Jacquelyne, and Robert I. Tilling. â€Å"The Story of Plate Tectonics.†Ã‚  This Dynamic Earth, United States Geological Survey, 30 Nov. 2016.Lovett, Richard A. â€Å"Texas and Antarctica Were Attached, Rocks Hint.†Ã‚  National Geographic News, National Geographic, 16 Aug. 2011.

The Influence of Exposure to Violence - 627 Words

Periodically committed, violent acts from individuals whom are motivated by influence lead us to question western culture’s addiction to violent coverage and its enablers. Exposure to violence is not only limited to real-life experience, exposure can be extended through media outlets, enablers, who may increase the harmful effects of exposure to such violent acts. The media exploits society’s increasing dependence on technology to further supply western culture’s lust for violence. Violence in the media and its debated influence is an important topic because of its ability to manifest into negative, tangible consequences. Among the harmful effects of violent media is aggression. Sissela Bok articulates in her essay called, Aggression: The Impact of Media Violence, that appetite for violence arises from growing desensitization in individuals, particularly impressionable children and adolescents. Critics discredit theories such as Bok’s claiming that no evid ence linking media violence to real life acts exist. Regardless, Bok believes it is a correlation that we should be highly sensitive of. Others like Bok have provoked thought over the negative effects of the media’s relentless coverage of violence. In a film written by Quentin Tarantino titled Natural Born Killers, Tarantino portrays the role of the media, which in turn delivers the very effects of violent exposure that Bok is critical of. Though ironic, Tarantino’s Natural Born Killer aims to elicit thought, as to serveShow MoreRelatedExposure to Gender Based Violence and Its Influence on Bullying Behavior919 Words   |  4 PagesThis work will not aid in placing programs to support or prevent exposure to gender based violence and its influences on bullying behavior at Belmopan Comprehensive High School. This study will not identify a student by name that displays: ïÆ'Ëœ The highest level of exposure on Gender Based violence at home or school. ïÆ'Ëœ The effects of the exposure to violence at home. ïÆ'Ëœ The student’s collaborative academic work performance in his or her classroom. Also, this study will not reveal the methods usedRead MoreEssay about The Media And Violence979 Words   |  4 Pages The debate regarding the medias relationship to violence in society has been a hot issue for most of the past century. From the beginning of the wide use of mass media, from films to radio to television, researchers have tried to explain any association or correlation between media effects and violence. Of particular interest and concern has been the issue of violence in the media and the impact that this has on children. Although important research efforts have increased our understanding ofRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Violence in Childen1049 Words   |  5 PagesDo Violent Video Games Influence Youth Violence Noel Averruz EN1420 ITT-Technical Institute Ever Since Violent Video Games were invented People have been trying to prove that they influence Violence in Juveniles. Although many prospective studies have been done on video game violence and the affect they have on the youth, none have been able to completely validate the claim that violent video games do influence the youth to become violent in their everyday lives. Out of the many studies thatRead MoreEssay on The Media Should Be Censored1023 Words   |  5 Pagesproved to be beneficial by educating, entertaining and informing us, it has also have its downfall, to cause many bad influences to the younger audience. Media has influenced us to conduct bad behavior, breed violence among teens and fear to the public, thus causing a lot of negative conflicts among ourselves. Television, Music, Internet, and more, are just some of the media exposure that needs to be censored and controlled. Media needs to be restricted, so that it doesn’t expose certain content toRead MoreInfluence of Media on Crime.788 Words   |  4 PagesIs Media Responsible for the Increasing Crime Rate? It is believed that the great Plato had a question similar to this, he was worried whether the violence in plays will have a negative effect on people of his land. We cannot mitigate the influence of media on the society. Some believe that it is the curse for the contemporary society, as it invigorates individuals to commit crimes. Are these people right? Read on to know the answer to this grave question. Contrary to the popular belief, mediaRead MoreThe Importance Of Violent Music805 Words   |  4 PagesViolent music; many people have different opinions about it. Can music create violence or can it not? Is is non harmful or is it destroying the youth of the world? Should it be banned for being violent and provoking violent behavior or it should not? No matter the opinion, recent studies have shown that violent music can create violence. Violence in all types of media can create violence. Music should stop provoking violence with their harmful lyrics. Instead of writing about guns, drugs, alcohol, andRead MoreMedia Violence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesExposure to the media violence may be especially problematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socializing role of television in pa rticular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spend more time watching television and movies than youngerRead MoreHow Media Violence Related to Aggressive and Violent Behavior672 Words   |  3 Pagesconducted in the past have clearly demonstrated that exposure to media violence does have a significant influence on violent and aggressive behavior. This is particularly the case amongst children where fictional media violence has been linked to increased aggression both in the short-term and in the long-term. This text highlights the extent to which media violence is related to violent/aggressive behavior. To What Extent is Media Violence Related to Aggressive and Violent Behavior? As I haveRead MoreEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Violence is a malicious act done by a human being that has the intention of harming or killing another living being. Violence is everywhere: in the home, in the school, and in the community. Violence causes negative effects to humans’ mental health. These negative effects may trigger symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and even anxiety. Symptoms of these disorders can be some of the following: anxiousness, avoidant behavior, feeling a loss of motivation, and feeling of uneasiness

Man Vs Nature Vs Of Mice And Men - 1265 Words

There are different types of conflict, the conflict such as Man .vs. Nature, Man.vs. Man, and Person .vs. Self these types of conflicts show the struggle people have to go succeed a goal, dream or just to survive. In the poem â€Å"Ode to a Mouse† by Robert Burns and the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, both authors use the literary element, Conflict to show the struggles of the characters. In California during the Great Depression, Lennie Small and George Milton are two ranch workers going from job to job with the dream of saving enough money to purchase their own land to â€Å"live on the fatta the land†. As events unfold in the novel, George, Lennie, and other characters such as Candy and crooks reveal how their own hopes and†¦show more content†¦Everyone needs something to look forward too, and in the poem and in the novel of mice and men, none of those dreams are realized because of the conflict with Lennie always getting in trouble. Althoug h George and Lennie were close to their dream, it becomes impossible due to the constant conflict of Lennie getting in trouble and the narrator of â€Å"Ode to a Mouse† destroying the mouse s winter home. In the novel Of Mice and Men, Lennie is constantly battling himself. throughout the story, Lennie must learn and remember to fit in with the other characters who are much brighter than he is. In addition, he must learn how to follow rules he can t remember. After Lennie killed Curley s wife, Lennie begins to argue with himself saying â€Å" â€Å"I done a real bad thing,† he said. â€Å"I shouldn’t of did that. George’ll be mad.An’†¦he said†¦an’ hide in the brush till he come. He’s gonna be mad. In the brush, till he comes and runs to the brush†. When Lennie goes to the bush. He yells at himself from an imaginary of Aunt Clara â€Å"I tried, Aunt Clara, ma’am. I tried and tried. I couldn’ help it.†, â€Å"You never give a thought to George,† she went on in Lennie s Voice. â€Å"He been doin’ nice things for you alla time. When he got a piece a pie you always got half or more’n hal f. An’ if they was anyShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Of Mice And Men 3409 Words   |  14 Pages Nesterenko 1 Polina Nesterenko Language Arts 1A Honors 12 July 2015 AP One Sheet 1. Title of Work: Of Mice and Men 2. Author and Date Written: John Steinbeck, 1937 3. Historical Context: The novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was written during the Great Depression. The book was written in 1937, which was when the growing economy reached a decline worse than the one before. â€Å"Brightening economic prospects were dashed in 1937 by a deepRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Man 1746 Words   |  7 Pages20262099 06/04/2016 Good and bad in the novella â€Å"Of Mice and man† John Steinbeck present the ideas about good and bad in people through the mannerisms and personality of each character. From the description of the characters, the quotes and dialogue used throughout the novella, we are able to understand the complexity of human nature, how our moral and values are shaped by our environment, social status and intellectual ability. The novella was written in 1937, the title of the book comes from aRead MoreNature vs. Nurture Shown in Family Addiction3111 Words   |  12 PagesConsider the following scenario: John and his mother are both alcoholics. John has been exposed to his mother’s inappropriate relationship with alcohol since before he was born. In the age-old debate of nature vs. nurture, some would say it was merely natural for John to follow his mother’s path, a la the apple does not fall far from the tree—his addiction was inherited. Others would argue that John’s childhood experiences and home environment led him on the road to addiction. Many might questionRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Lifestyle of the Average Itinerant Worker in America During the Great Depression1852 Words   |  8 PagesDiverse Cultures - English Coursework What have you learnt about the of 1930’s, as depicted by Steinbeck in â€Å"Of Mice and Men?† The Great Depression was a worldwide economic breakdown. It was the largest and most important economic depression in modern history; it began in the United States on Black Tuesday with the Wall Street crash of October 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. It lasted about a decade, ending in the early 1940s. Poverty stricken, life became a struggle to survive. Banks,Read MoreOf Mice and Men Quotations2253 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† Quotes Hopes and Dreams: â€Å"An’ live off the fatta the lan’,† Lennie shouted. â€Å"An’ have rabbits† â€Å"We’d jus’ live there. We’d belong there. We’d have our own place where we belonged and not sleep in no bunk house† They fell into silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land. It just in their head.† [Crooks] â€Å"why I’d come lend a hand† â€Å"Well justRead MoreCan our Genes determine our sexual preferences? Draft 2 3/18/2014 Luke2700 Words   |  11 Pagesissue of homophobia around the world. I find it interesting as to why people are homosexual, and if there is a gene responsible for this or if it can be developed later in life. This area of research directly relates to the age old question of â€Å"nature Vs. nurture†. Introduction Scientists have asked the question of whether homosexuality is a choice or something the individual has no control over. The search for the ‘gay gene’ is a relatively new study. According to Pease and Bull (2000) the physicalRead MoreLipoprotein A Essay9440 Words   |  38 Pagescould be an a apo(a) binding site. A peptide spanning this sequence was shown to bind apo(a) and completely inhibit Lp(a) formation in vitro.21 Furthermore, mutation of lysine residues in the apoB4372–4392 sequence impairs Lp(a) assembly in transgenic mice expressing a full length apoB mutant. In conclusion, most suggest that the assembly of Lp(a) is complicated and requires multiple apo(a)/apoB interactions for association of the two proteins preceding the formation of disulphide bond. Future researchRead MoreJay-Z, â€Å"Reasonable Doubt† vs. Eminem, â€Å"the Slim Shady Lp2018 Words   |  9 PagesCritical Reading and Writing CM101 Revised Midterm Compare and Contrast Paper LaMar Burgess Jay-Z, â€Å"Reasonable Doubt† vs. Eminem, â€Å"The Slim Shady LP† Hip-hop is a unique art form because since its early origins, it has operated as an extension and expression of the civil rights movement. Hip-hop is an artistic movement as well as a political one. 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Sociological Perspectives A Social Problems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sociological Perspectives A Social Problem? Answer: Introduction Sociological imagination basically refers to the capability of watching the connections present between the larger forces in the history and the personal experiences. These are basically the intersections of history and biography. Through sociological imagination, the management in which the choices and the individual behaviours of the individuals are shaped based on the economic, historical, cultural and political forces can be analysed. In this context, C. Wright Mills (1959) gave a better explanation on sociological imagination, where he stressed on the individuals gaining an understanding on their own experiences and gauging their own fate by locating himself with the period in which such individual is. This discussion is concentrated on providing a deep insight on this very statement made by Mills. And in doing so, the problem of unemployment, which affects the society at large, and also is a personal problem for the writer, is detailed upon. In order to analyse the problem of unemployment, the theory given by Mills would be applied, which would enable in understanding how the individuals live and the manner in which the future is anticipated, based on the social environment affecting the individuals and others in same manner. Analysis The individuals face a number of social problems. For instance, a number of individuals are unemployed and poor, have family problems, have poor health, commit crime, or drink too much. When such cases are heard about, it can be easily blamed upon their difficulties. However, a different approach is taken under sociology, where the focus is over the problems of the individuals which are often stemmed in the problems of the society itself. In this regard, Mills (1959) has provided key insights and has made a classic differentiation in between the public uses and the personal troubles. The personal problems are the ones which affect the individual alone and are blamed on their moral or personal failings. Examples of it include divorce, unemployment and eating disorders. Public issues, on the other hand, are the ones which are present in the culture and social structure, and are the social problems which affect a number of individuals. The sociological imagination is a concept through which the possessor is able to gain an understanding on the large historical scenes regarding the meaning of external career and inner life for a number of individuals. This allows them to take in accounting the manner in which the individuals in the welter their daily experiences often become a false conscious of social positions. In such a muddle, the frameworks of the modern society are sought out and the range of individuals is formulated. Through the use of such means, the individuals personal uneasiness can be focused, in terms of their explicit troubles, and the publics indifference is transformed in involvement with the public issues (Mills, 1959). In this imagination, the first fruit and the first lesson in social science is found in the notion that the individuals can understand their experiences and can determine their fate by locating themself in the period in which such individuals are. By doing so, the individual can know their chances in life by being aware of those faced by the individuals based on the situations present. It has been stated that this is a terrible lesson, while some have deemed as a magnificent one. The capacity of men for their wiling degradation, supreme effort, for glee or agony, for sweetness of reason or pleasurable brutality is not known. Yet in the time, it has become a common knowledge that each individual knows about the limits of human nature, which are quite broad. It has been known now that each individual lives from a single generation to the next, in certain society, where they live a biography and live it with certain historical sequences. Through the living of such individuals, a contrib ution is made towards shaping of the society, and during the course of history, the society is made, through the pushes and shoves to it (Mills, 1959). In this very context, there is a need to consider unemployment. A city of 100,000 individuals having a single person as unemployed would be deemed as the personal trouble of the individual and for the relief of the same, there is a need to look at the skills of such individual, his character and the immediate opportunities with that individual. However, when it comes to the nation having fifty million employees, and fifteen million unemployed individuals, this would become an issue and a solution cannot be found in the range of opportunities which are open to an individual. When such happens, it becomes a public issue due to the structure of opportunities having been collapsed. Both the range of possible solutions and the correct statement of problem require a consideration of the political and economic institutions of society, in place of the character or personal situation of individuals. So, where only a handful of individuals are out of work, it becomes fair to say that the unemp loyment is a personal issue. Though, when a high number of individuals become out of work, as have been the case since the economic downturn of 2008, the same becomes a public issue. At such instances, the causes are not present in the individuals who are unemployed, but in the social and economic system of the society (University of Minnesota, 2018). In context of the modern day issue of unemployment, without the sociological imagination, an individual who losses their job in this economy would be helpless and would feel like they had been a lousy worker or were disposable. Later on, where the person would search for a new job, it would become extremely difficult for them, due to the increasing cuts being made by businesses, for saving money, and the employment opportunities becoming scarer. As a result of such rejections, an individual would feel trapped as is stated by Mills (1959). Though, with sociological imagination, the individuals who became newly unemployed would be able to see that the unemployment has become a global issue. This would allow them to place their own experiences in bigger picture, and would make them more inclined to battling these issues. This is due to the fact that each individual makes a contribution towards history, every minute of the day (University of Minnesota, 2018). It has been further suggested by Mills (1959) that the sociologists could make use of the sociological imagination for the purpose of examining the issues being faced by the society from an outward viewpoint. Particularly in the context of unemployment, the sociologists would be able to observe that in a nation of one million people, where five hundred individuals are unemployed, it would be a less urgency based issue in comparison to five hundred individuals being unemployed where the community has only one thousand individuals. This insight is particularly helpful in context of the social structure and is beneficial for the society as it helps in bringing down the self-conscious view of the individual which he holds of himself, as being an outsider. This would also allow for a higher attention to be paid on the societal problems of the individuals. In order to solve the personal disagreements, there is a need to look beyond these. The very notion of sociological imagination is a helpful instrument, which allows the individuals to feel more comfortable, and like it home, in the society where they are present. In addition to this, for the individuals who believe strongly in social and political activism, the motivation which the sociological imagination brings forth would be a very refreshing change from the inert attitude present in the nations like US. Where a higher number of individuals would be able to vote or where they held certain opinions on the issues of controversy, like unemployment, the general population would be able to attain changes and would be better in comparison to the political and financial elites having the entire control (University of Minnesota, 2018). In US, the high unemployment rate stemmed from the major economic downturn which took place in 2008 which is a leading example of proving the viewpoint of Mills. There were millions who lost their job, even when it was not their own fault. Even though some people were unemployed owing to their lack of good working habits or laziness, a more structural explanation was focused on the absence of opportunity for explaining why there were so many individuals who had no work. And upon the same taking place, unemployment was best understood as a public issue in place of being a personal issue. The unemployment of an individual can be solved through their skills and abilities and by increasing these. However, where the same is a problem of millions, it goes beyond the hands of the individuals and requires policies to be drafted in order to solve the public issue, thus highlighting the social elements being involved, which are bigger than the individuals (University of Minnesota, 2018). Unemployment is an extremely negative experience which remained private till it portrayed the feelings of personal failure as being a commonality when an individual loses their job. However, where the rates of unemployment go as high as 30%, as is the scenario in the majority of European nations at present, to deem it as a weakness or character flaw is unreasonable. This is because the majority of individuals in the society are facing this very issue and there is a need to ask regarding whether there is something in the very structure of society which is contributing to this problem. A range of nations today can define unemployment as a public issue owing to the economic downturn, which resulted from the subprime mortgage industry. Thus, unemployment, despite its private features, is to be deemed as a social problem, in place of being something which is born out of the personal shortfalls of the individual (Isaksen, 2013). However, it is important here to state that the notion of sociological imagination cannot be made use as an excuse for a person for not trying hard in achieving success in life. There would be a misuse of this by certain individuals as a manner of running away from their personal responsibilities. Though, in a majority of situations, an individual would fail even when they tried to do every right thing, for instance, working very hard, getting proper education and attempting to get a job. Even though a number of individuals could be lacking the ability of attaining success, it remains crucial to identify the root cause of this problem in terms of the structure, for instance, the discrimination of certain groups, exploitation of labour force, and inefficient political solutions. As such issues like these can never be resolved on an individual level by the person. This requires the application of sociological imagination in the day-to-day lives, which allows them in changing their pers onal situation and which ultimately helps in creation of a better society (University of Minnesota, 2018). Conclusion Thus, based on the discussion undertaken in the previous segments, it can be concluded that sociological imagination, as propagated by Mills (1959), presents the distinction between the personal problems from the social issues. This helps in making differentiation between when a problem would be blamed upon by the individual himself, for their laziness or incompetence; whilst social issues are the problems faced by a high number of individuals, and solving which require societal measures. This was specifically highlighted through the example of unemployment. When an individual or a handful of individuals are unable to get a job, it remains their personal problem. But, when this problem is present in a large number of individuals of the society, the unemployment in such cases become a social problem. The economic downturn of 2008is a leading example of unemployment being deemed as social problem. This led to the unemployment being deemed as a social problem, in place of the same being deemed as a private problem, as was taken to be in general. Thus, sociological imagination helps in getting clarity on when a particular issue transitions from being a personal issue to a social issue. References Isaksen, J.V. (2013). The Sociological Imagination: Thinking Outside the Box. Retrieved from: https://www.popularsocialscience.com/2013/04/29/the-sociological-imagination-thinking-outside-the-box/ Mills, C. W. (1959).The sociological imagination. operating: Oxford University Press. University of Minnesota. (2018). Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems. Retrieved from: https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/1-2-sociological-perspectives-on-social-problems/

Definition of Flexpatriates free essay sample

Flexibility in this context does not only refer to flexibility regarding the destination but also regarding rhythm, scheduling and planning of travel (Marathoner et al. , AAA). 25 To achieve a first overview of the terminology fluoridation, it is useful to analyze one of the broadest approaches in understanding this term made by Tent (2005). Highlighting the current development regarding As, Tent states C ] we no longer talk In terms of expects but flex-pats (Tent, 2005, online source). That Is to say, In mineral, AS require flexibility which is offered by flagellates. Tent defines flexibilities as a new breed of younger expatriates who have fewer encumbrances and are more enthusiastic to work abroad (Tent, 2005, online source). A more pragmatic approach was developed by Welch and Worm (2006). They define flexibilities C ] one for whom business travel is an essential component of their work (Welch and Worm, 2006, p. 284). Aligned with this Is the definition of Petrol et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Flexpatriates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (2000) who Identify a appellate as an employee who undertakes request International business trips but does not relocate (Petrol et al_, 2000, p. 20).The following aspects elaborate further on fluoridation and therefore give a tighter definition. Marathoner (2010) characterizes flexibilities additionally as flexible employees who have a permanent position in their home country while fulfilling parts of their Job abroad without relocating. Normally, a palatinates travel assignment Includes trips to various countries. These trips abroad are normally without company by family and lead to an unclear separator between work and non- org areas. In contrast, commuters are employed in a country other than their country of residence and fulfill their whole Job abroad.Flexibilities take a trip to other nations and experience, firstly, different cultures, and secondly, isolation from their family and private life. They can be found in all kind of industries and different hierarchical levels (Marathoner et al. , AAA; Marathoner, 2010; Welch Worm, 2006). Characteristics that are significant for defining palatinate assignments are their duration, irregularity and purpose. Assignments that fall within the definition of a flattering assignment last less than a week and do not include any kind of relocating neither the assignees family nor the assignees themselves.Furthermore, assignments are triggered 26 internally for a purpose within the same company as discussed In 2. 2. 2. 1 (Marathoner, 2010; Marathoner, AAA; Petrol et 2000). Flagellates appear to to the fact that companies do not seem to know how to manage flexibilities appropriately. Moreover, literature highlights the fact that the normal work routine at heir home office continues while they travel (Marathoner, 2010; Marathoner, AAA; Cowlings et al. , 2007).As can be seen by the definitions given, all authors stress on the element of frequent traveling in explaining fluoridation and flexibilities. However, these definitions also have in common that they do not explicitly state which volume of travel qualifies an employee as a flattering. Frequent however is defined as happening often; regular (Pins, 2011 , online source) and occurring or done many times at short intervals (Workbenches, 2011 , online source).In order for employees to fulfill the definition of flattering entirely, they should fulfill the definition of frequent. In the following chapter, characteristics related to flattering assignments are going to be identified. Companies should consider these special requirements when managing their flexibilities. This is why, in a next step, it is investigated if these particularities are considered in the policies of Mans. To start with, the author therefore discusses the key characteristics of flexibilities.

Learn How to Write a Sample Opening Paragraph Essay

Learn How to Write a Sample Opening Paragraph EssayIn this article, I am going to talk about how to write a sample opening paragraph essay. These essays tend to be quite popular, and yet they are not very often used. This is an opportunity to show what you have to offer.One of the reasons for this is that most people have never written their own writing before. For someone who has been writing their entire life, it can be a bit frightening, so they avoid writing anything and writing with a ghostwriter can be a bit scary. So instead of writing something that they don't know what they are doing, they tend to do something that is obviously better, and only the best ones will get the job done.Writing a sample opening paragraph essay is something that a lot of people do not do enough. We need to learn how to do it well. There are some things that we do well, but many people do not know what they are doing. They just feel comfortable talking without writing something that makes them look l ike a dummy.People can look good, but this is not going to help them make it in this industry. It will make it that much more difficult for them to stand out. They should learn how to come up with words that are effective, as well as words that will sell their product or business.It will also make them stand out in an area that is looking for something specific, instead of something general. In this industry, you want to focus on one particular customer type, and one particular type of product. You want to stand out, but you want to put together a powerful piece of writing that will create interest.We need to think of it as our own home-based business, except it is in your own home. Many people will think about this and go with the second option. But it is important to not only go with the best company, but you want to go with the best writer.You may want to ask your friends and family who they have written a sample opening paragraph essay for. You may not be sure if they were hired by a company or not, but you can still learn how to do it well, and they can help you do it. They can give you their opinion and help you find a writer who can write your essay.It can take a little more time to write this essay, so if you are not used to writing on your own, you should take it slow and learn how to do it your own way. This can help you become an expert in no time at all. And before you know it, you will be writing your own.

Affirmative Action Essays (4013 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action If one is to discuss and problem solve an issue, he or she must first know what the issue is truly about. Affirmative action is defined as the equal opportunities given to women, minorities, and small groups so they will have the same tools, education, and allotment to achieve their goals in life. Since affirmative action came about, debate arises daily about if it is truly equal and fair. Was it a word made as a cushion to the people so they will feel equal? Another interpretation is did this word actually make the white male group less important and unequal to the minority group, doing more harm to others than good. Affirmative action is not used unequally in the world, but in actuality if it was not for it these people would have nothing. Julie A. Mertus supports the need for opportunities given to women in the work force. In the work force today many women are overlooked and pushed aside because of their gender. Many of the big wigs in businesses today feel that a woman is inferior to a man's intelligence of work skill trades. A woman can simply not handle the stress on the body or the mind thinking dilemmas in which a man can supposedly accomplish. Affirmative action however has allowed the women a chance to display their skills but what the debate arises is, because of the gifts given by affirmative action is this good for the world of today. Mertus gives an example of a German landscaper that was excluded from his promotion due to his company's quota requirements. The company's quota requirements stated that if a man and a woman are applying for the same promotion and there is a tie, the woman will be given the job if less than half holding the job are women. Another example given is that of a male teacher who did not receive his promotions due to the same law. In both situations the quota requirement that affirmative action laws made for the work field, the woman was chosen. The debate by most individuals is that I lost my job or pay increase because of affirmative action. They feel that this law is unfair, taking away more gifts that I can give to myself or my family. Also, in that women are not capable of doing this type of work. The true idea of affirmative action is giving the lesser people of the world what our country promotes. In the constitution everyone is equal and is to be given the proper chances in life. Affirmative action simply, allows this so that the people in charge cannot disregard someone, a woman, because they simply do not like it. What is not seen by the people losing the extra money is that maybe she can actually do a better job than they can. She will give more to the world thus helping all of humanity and would not have had this chance if it was not for affirmative action. Also, the people who had nothing in life now feel a worth and are able to give more to the ones they love. This is the good that is unseen by most, that would not be possible if not for affirmative action being put into effect in the world. Ethan Watters shows his opinion on that affirmative action is providing an unfair advantage over one race to another. People throughout the world scream to be treated as the constitution states, " To be treated as equals." Watters proves his misconception of the right that having affirmative action play a part into the work force is giving unfair advantages. He states that minorities say they need this to be seen as an equal in a interview for a job. This right although allows them to have lower scores than another employee but still be able to obtain the position. Isn't this hurting the company thus hurting the world. For the employee hired is not right for the job then how is this equal treatment when the worst person is chosen for the job is not the best, but only because of a right is hired. The author asks how could a law promote equal treatment for minorities but at the same time take away from majorities. Another situation in which affirmative action will play a part in is the physical work load, both body and mind. Women cannot produce the same amount of body power for a job in which a

Irelands Economy essays

Ireland's Economy essays The Republic of Ireland has experienced a tremendous amount of growth in its recent history. However, this was not always the case. During the 1980s, Ireland was one of Europes poorest countries. With its government out of control, the public debt was 120% of its national income. Even at the beginning of the 1990s, the unemployment rate was at 15%, the worst in all of the European Union. However, over the past decade, Ireland underwent a drastic change and currently holds place as one of the most well organized nations in Europe. According to statistics, over the past three years, Irelands economy has grown at an average rate of more than 7% per year and has reached 11% in the year 20000. Once a country that identified itself as a victim of Britain, Ireland is now a country that is recognized as an equal amongst European countries. Unemployment has also dropped a significant amount and the economy has moved to full employment. The skyrocketing public debt has also decreased to an astonishing 336.5% and stands as one of the lowest in the European Union. Productivity is defined as an increase in output per hour that raises the standard of living. There are four key factors that lead to an increase in productivity. These factors include education and the quality of the labor force, savings and investments, reallocation of resources, and finally, technological changes. In addition, according to Irelands Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, the countrys astonishing economic growth can be attributed to their efforts in peace, education, partnership, regional integration, and foreign direct investments. Although Irelands progress may differ slightly from those laid out in these four factors, the foundation still remains and aids in the explanation of its sudden growth. Irelands increased funding for education, combined with the use of information and new communications technologies...

Music in Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music in Brazil - Essay Example The French Revolution also had a significant impact on Brazilian music. Similarly, mines are another major influence in the evolution of Brazilian music. The music of Brazil appeared very limited as only very few compositions could be found in their original tradition. The authors were: Francisco Gomes da Rocha (1754-1808), Manuel Dias de Oliveira (1735-1813), Jose Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita (1746-1805) and Joao de Deus de Castro Lobo (1794-1830). The first reference to Brazilian music pertains to 1578 and is titled â€Å"Viagem a Terra do Brazil,† or the journey to the land of Brazil, composed by Jean De Lery. A major trend in the Brazilian music scenario was the prevalence of discrimination on the basis of religion, gender and socio-economic status. This trend also reflected on music education in the country and only a few children had studied music in Brazil. Thus, formal education in this fine art remained limited. Thus, most of the music derived from the informal le arning background and through traditions. The musical practices in Brazil developed into two distinct categories in the states of Para and Marahao. In the Brazilian tradition, children also enjoyed music as adult and they had songs on a wide variety of themes, during the Orphenonic movement in the 1940s. The songs, which were usually heard during many of the traditional celebrations, were sung by illiterate people from all the communities, thus adding up to the history of Brazilian music. The Principle Characteristics of Brazilian Music The history of music in Brazil began with the arrival of Portuguese and the Jesuits used choir groups in the church. As a result, music became more popular among common people. During those days, slavery was prevalent in the country and the children of slaves did not have the privilege of schooling. Hence, a wide gap came into existence between the musical practices of the rich and poor people in the earlier times. Music appeared to be a major discip line in Brazilian culture. Researchers from various places developed an interest in the musical practices by different communities, as well as the traditional institutions. Many educational institutions began publishing the material on music, which brought music practices by different communities in Brazil to the limelight. An irrefutable element in the Brazilian music is the strong influence of the Portuguese language. Besides, many African and native words also found their way into Brazilian music which contributed to the forging of an African rhythm, which rendered to the Brazilian music a more sensual and romantic style in its transformation. Brazilian music deploys a wide array of musical instruments in its composition. In the early days the composers mainly relied on drums and percussion, which was similar to the African Diaspora. Another significant influence was the Atabaques, which are narrowed drums of Africa, with their top covered by calf skin. These drums came in differ ent sizes, which were prominently used in the rituals in Brazil. Other instruments included bamboo, which is in the category of surdos, which meant deaf drums; Alfaias (rope-drums); Zabumbas which had a low sound with two heads; repiniques which were a high pitched drum; Pandeiros which were a single headed hand drums, and so many others. â€Å"In contrast to the economic inequality that historically pervaded Brazilian society,

Is the work performance of registered nurses who are actively engaged Research Proposal

Is the work performance of registered nurses who are actively engaged in the leading and managing of their techs (certified nurses assistant) better than those nurses who are partially involved - Research Proposal Example ing and leading other nurses in their role of taking care of patients, and other activities of importance that the institution might be engaged in; and controlling all activities of the nurses including evaluation of their performance in the nursing work as well as performance in departmental subunits. Staffing, as one of the roles of the nursing managers, includes the acquisition of staff on full time and/or part time nursing assistants who act as the ‘eyes and ears of the registered nurses/ nurse managers’. The health institutions can decide to take on board a nurse manager to take on the role of taking charge of the full time nursing assistants and have another taking charge of the part time nursing assistants. At the same time, a nurse manager might be in charge of both the full time and the part time nursing assistants. In both cases, dealing with either category of the nursing assistants has its own challenges which must be tackled differently. This business resear ch report will undertake to explain the differences in the management and performance skills for nurse managers dealing with the full time nursing assistants and those dealing with the part time nursing assistants. The areas that will be addressed by this business report include areas where nursing management is needed; the skills needed for the profession; the differences in management that results from nursing managers taking on either part time or fulltime assistant nurses; the differences in skills required in dealing with either part time or fulltime nursing assistants; and the nature of work performed by the nursing managers. The results yielded by the study conducted included; the existence of differences in management roles as well as skills in managing fulltime and part time nursing assistants; the vast health related field in which the nursing management career has importance and is utilized; and the critical worked performed by the nurse managers which resonates around ad ministration

Music Role of a Composer Essay Example for Free

Music Role of a Composer Essay A person who creates the music the music we listen to by writing a piece of music for theatre, radio, film, TV and computer games where music is needed is known as composer. Composing of music has played a vital role in the lives of composers making others to be considered as princes of music like Josquin and Palestrina yet others had unique styles of composing their music. The roles of a composer are to create music by creating situations in which sounds will basically be. A composer has to devise strategies to ensure coordination of elements of performers set into motion. This is achieved by ensuring that proper notation of music has been done in order to accurately direct musicians. The task of a composer is to write an original piece of music fitting for a specific mission after which the composition will then be performed by musicians. The music composed might be having lyrics or just instrumental. Furthermore, it can be either in the form of country, classical jazz or even folk. The work of composer improved a great deal between 900 to 1820. in the 900’s, composers used to create music in that there is a solo singer and choirs or more probably in an Organum style . In the process of change, music styles became more complex and multiple parts were used for different instruments and this help to bring harmony. The recorder, lute and the invention of printing press that brought about standardization of musical notation. Later the Organum was modified into the modern harmony of today by use of a figured bass to accompany a melody. The introduction of keyboard in equal temperament enabled different keys to be used without alteration. Finally, during the classical period, the composers fostered for loyalty or nobility of the time. The composers of the time were offered with creative tools to build many accredited pieces of music given that the concept of music was abstract and detached allowing them to explore the music industry. Josquin Desprez (1440-1521) was the master of composing in his time . He created his music with careful words which were of marvelous simplicity and sophistication. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the instrumentals in bringing into being the romantic music era. These two men brought about great change in the musical industry and meaning to composers without fear of experimenting. References Fulcher, J. The Composer as an Intellectual. Music and Ideology in France 1914-1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 Smith J. Carlson B. The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence. Crossway, 1995

concept of consciousness :: essays research papers

An individual is somewhere in space-time, and not somewhere else. Except for God, of course, who was invented to instantiate all contradictions in blessed harmony. He's everywhere and everywhen, though at the same time, as it were, not in time or space[3]. But the upshot of this is that every individual has a point of view, a perspective, and apprehends the world, so far as it can apprehend the world, from somewhere and not nowhere[4] (Nagel 1986). If taken in isolation, the feature of being somewhere in particular affects all kinds of individuals, not just humans. But only those individuals that can view something can presumably have a point of view. Thus Searle again: Subjectivity has the further consequence that all of my conscious forms of intentionality that give me information about the world independent of myself are always from a special point of view. The world itself has no point of view, but my access to the world through my conscious states is always perspectival. (ibid. 95).[5] In itself, however, that could be true of any other living thing. Nor is it a requirement to be alive: an artificial eye has a point of view. More generally, as shown in the excellent discussion of this subject in (Proust 1997), aspectuality can be seen as a consequence of mere differences of informational channels, and doesn't therefore require any level of consciousness. Perspective might itself be of two kinds. This can be seen by asking: Does a still camera have a genuine point of view? One reason to deny this is that for a still camera there is nothing that corresponds to the difference between locality in time, and locality in space. For a living individual, these pose slightly different problems. For there are different ways in which we might care about the effects of our actions in distant space, and in different times. Time is asymmetrical in this sense (among others): we care more, or quite differently, about what happens in the future than about what happened in the past. But although the things we care about may, of course, be unevenly distributed, space has no uniformly privileged direction. So temporal perspectivity appears seems to constitute a more serious species of subjectivity than the spatial kind. Now perspectivity is sometimes equated with subjectivity in general, as suggested in the last quotation from Searle above. Yet subjectivity is also associated with the self, and the temporal form of perspectivity actually causes problems for the view that my self is my subjectivity.

Favorite Sport Football

CONSUMER PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS VARIOUS CELLPHONE SERVICE PROVIDES CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION CONSUMER A consumer is an individual who purchase or has the capacity to purchase goods and services offered for sale by marketing institutions in order to satisfy  personal or household needs,wants or desires. According to a statement made by Mahatma Gandhi, ‘consumer refers to the following, â€Å"A consumer is  the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an outsider to our  Ã‚  business.He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us an opportunity to do so†. So  consumer  is  like  the  blood  of  our  business  and  also  a satisfedcustomer is a word of mouth advertisement of a product / services. The consumer is the one who pays to consume the goods and services produced. As such, consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation. In the absence of effective consumer demand, producers would lack one of the key motivations to produce to sell to consumers.Typically, when  business  people and economists talk of  consumers, they are talking about  the person as consumer, an aggregated  commodity item with little  individuality  other than that expressed in the decision to buy or not to buy. However, there is a trend in  marketing  to individualize the concept. Instead of generating broad  demographic profiles  and  psycho-graphic profiles  of  market segments, marketers have started to engage in personalized marketing,  permission marketing, and  mass customization.There is increasing backlash from the public over use of the label â€Å"consumer† rather than â€Å"customer†, with many finding it offensive and derogatory. Consumer choice  is a theory of  microeconomics  that relates preferences  for consumption goods  and services to con sumption expenditures and ultimately to   consumer demand curves. The link between personal preferences, consumption, and the demand curve  is one of the most closely studied relations in economics. Consumer choice theory is a way of analyzing how consumers may achieve  Ã‚  equilibrium between preferences and expenditures by maximizing  utility  as subject to consumer   budget constraints.Preferences are the desires by each individual for the consumption of goods and services that translate into choices based on income or wealth  for purchases of goods and services to be combined with the consumer's time to define consumption activities. Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different consumers are involved. In the first case consumption is by the primary individual; in the second case, a producer might make something that he would not consume himself. Therefore, different motivations and abilities are involved.The  Ã‚  models that make up consumer theory are used to  represent  prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the  hypothesis  of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer. The fundamental theorem of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises. This is called the  substitution effect.Clearly if one does not have enough money to pay the price then they cannot buy any of that item. As prices rise, consumers will substitute away from higher priced goods and services, choosing less costly alternatives. Subsequently, as the wealth of the individual rises, demand increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all rates of consumption. This is called the  income effect. As wealth rises, consumers will substitute away from less costly inferior goods and services, choosing higher priced al ternatives. CONSUMER SATISFACTIONEvery human being is a consumer of different produces. If there is no consumer,  there  is  no  business. Therefore,  consumer  satisfaction  is   very important to every business person. According to Philip Kotler consumer satisfaction is defined on, â€Å"personal feeling of pleasure resulting from comparing a product’s pursued performance in relation to his /her expectations†. Consumer attitude measurements are taken on either potential buries or  existing client’s buries in order  to identify their characteristics. Why should the competent market engineer conduct consumer research?Consumer’s surverys  can provide the researcher with a wealth of information, valuable of the marketing funchion. Detailed information regarding the customer in a market will provide the  basic platform for all marketing decisions. Marketing decision maker needs descriptive information about the total potential unit an d dollar sales in each segment. Perhaps the most important one is that a seller need to be  aware of the relevant objective and need  of consumer and  how their objectives  might best reserved by the products.Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in  marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as â€Å"the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals. †Ã‚  In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses.It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a balanced scorecard. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. â€Å"Within organizations, customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects. They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers’ expectations. Furthermore, when these ratings dip, they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability. . . These metrics quantify an important dynamic. When a brand has loyal customers, it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing, which is both free and highly effective. † Therefore, it is essential for businesses to effectively manage customer satisfaction. To be able do this, firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction. â€Å"In researching satisfaction, firms generally ask customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations. Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction.When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be disappointed and will likely r ate their experience as less than satisfying. For this reason, a luxury resort, for example, might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in ‘absolute' terms. † The importance of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased  bargaining power. For example,   cell phone  plan providers, such as AT;T  and  Verizon, participate in an industry that is an  oligopoly , where only a few suppliers of a certain product or service exist.As such, many cell phone plan contracts have a lot of  fine print with provisions that they would never get away if there were, say, a hundred cell phone plan providers, because customer satisfaction would be way too low, and customers would easily have the option of leaving for a better contract offer. There is a substantial body of empirical literature that establishes the benefits of customer satisfaction for firms. PURPOSE â€Å"Customer satisfaction provides a leading indicator of consumer purchase intentions and loyalty.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Customer satisfaction data are among the most frequently collected indicators of market perceptions. Their principal use is two fold. † 1. â€Å"Within organizations, the collection, analysis and dissemination of these data send a message about the importance of tending to customers and ensuring that they have a positive experience with the company’s goods and services. † 2. â€Å"Although sales or market share can indicate how well a firm is performing currently, satisfaction is perhaps the best indicator of how likely it is that the firm’s customers will make further purchases in the future.Much research has focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and retention. Studies indicate that the ramifications of satisfaction are most strongly realized at the extremes. † On a five-point scale, â€Å"individuals who rate their satisfaction l evel as ‘5' are likely to become return customers and might even evangelize for the firm. (A second important metric related to satisfaction is willingness to recommend. This metric is defined as â€Å"The percentage of surveyed customers who indicate that they would recommend a brand to friends. When a customer is satisfied with a product, he or she might recommend it to friends, relatives and colleagues. This can be a powerful marketing advantage. ) â€Å"Individuals who rate their satisfaction level as ‘1,' by contrast, are unlikely to return. Further, they can hurt the firm by making negative comments about it to prospective customers. Willingness to recommend is a key metric relating to customer satisfaction. † MARKET The term market is derived from Latin Word ‘Mercatus’, which means ‘totrade’ that is purchasing and selling of goods.It also means merchandise truthic   place of business. According to Pyle, â€Å"Market includes bo th place and region in which  buyers and sellers or in free competition with one another†. A  market  is one of many varieties of  systems,  institutions,  procedures,  social relations  and  infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by  barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services (including labor) in exchange for  money  from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition on at least one of its two sides. However,competitive  markets, as understood in formal economic theory, rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers is amonopoly. A marke t with a single buyer and multiple sellers is a  monopsony. These are the extremes of imperfect competition.MARKETING Marketing includes all the impacts involved in the exchange process of   transferring  the  possession  and  ownership  of  goods  or  services  from   the  producer to the ultimate consumer’s. Marketing  is the process of  communicating  the value of a product or service to  customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term â€Å"Marketing† may replace â€Å"Advertising† it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer.The American Marketing Association defines marketing as â€Å"the activity ,set of institutions,and processes for creating, communication, delivering,and exchanging offerings that have value for customers,clients,partners,and society at large. † From a so cietal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic  patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. The process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers.Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its  shareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing  target markets  through market analysis and  market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value. MARKETING FORMULA A)The foremost step is business aims at profit. B)For profit making he can sell the products. C)For selling the product he should create customers.D)For  creating the  customer’s,  custom er’s needs  of  preferences  to  beidentified and satisfied. E). To satisfy the customer’s new product to be produced. Marketing is trying to learn, * Who buy the products or services? * How do they buy? * When do they buy? * Where do they buy? * Why do they buy? * How often they buy? It  is  otherwise  called  understand  and  predict  human  actions  in  their  Ã‚   buying role. A marketer is act as consumers while them purchasing any goods/services, and try to market that product to an ultimate consumer. So, marketingis starts with consumer and ends with consumer. So, today’s market is called on consumer market.It can be defined on,â€Å"All the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. SKILLS OF MARKETERS Marketers have 4 main skill sets that they bring to an enterprise: 1)Opportunity Identification: Marketing begins before there is a product to sell. Many people think marketing is just sel ling whatever comes out of the manufacturing  plant. It's the job of marketing to decide WHAT comes out of the manufacturing  plant in the first place. Before a business can make money there must be opportunities for money to be made and it's marketing's job to define what those opportunities are.Marketers analyze markets, market gaps, trends, products,competition, and distribution channels to come  up with opportunities to make money. 2)  Competitive strategy/positioning: Markets consist of groups of competitors  competing for a customer's business. The job of  marketing is to decide how to create a defensible sustainable competitive advantage against competitors. Marketers conceive strategies, tactics, and business models to make it hard if not impossible for competition to take away customers from their business. 3)  Demand generation/management It's the job of marketing to create and sustain demand for a company's products.Marketers manage demand for a company's pr oducts by influencing the probability and frequency of their customer's purchase behavior. 4)Sales: The ultimate goal of marketing is to make money for a business. In most company’s sales is a different discipline and department from marketing. But in order for  sales people to have any long term success in a company they must be led by marketing. The better job a company does of identifying opportunities, creating a differential sustainable competitive advantage, and generating demand for their products the easier it will be for sales people to make sales.MARKET SHARE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY The fixed line and mobile segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance callsand the international calls, with the provision of broadband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the mobile arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. Mobile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messa ging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to enter the Indian telecom market. TheGSM,CDMA,WLLservice  providers  are  all  upgrading  them  to  provide  3G  mobile  services.Along  with improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In the  beginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of newhandsets, such as Nokia's latest N-series, Sony Ericsson's W-series, Motorola's PDA phones,etc. have come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multimedia games, MP3 Players, video generators,Camera's, etc.The value added services provided by the mobile service operators contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. THE GLOBAL CELLULAR MOBILE INDUSTRY Global telecom s ector Earnings visibility Earnings  growth  is  being  driven  by  improving  pricing  conditions, stabilizing  operating trends, aggressive cost cutting initiatives, a positive regulatory environment, strong wireless growth, and  new market  opportunities. This has  translated into  greater visibility  of  forward earnings as evidenced by recent increased analyst upgrades within the sector. Merger synergiesGiven the substantial amount of excess capital available in the sector and in private equity we expect to see additional merger and acquisition activity, albeit at a slower pace than recently witnessed. Global  telecom  M;A deals  over  the  past  two years  have  reflected  market expansion but have also had a positive effect on the buyers’ balance sheets. Partnering companies have  begun  realizing their  synergies through cost reductions and  economies of  scale. In the US, the largest three companies now account for over 70% of the sector market cap; this compares to 34% in 1990.Trends in bundled services are also paving the way for  additional M;A  activity. Sector  consolidation will  further  increase  the importance  of stock  selection. METHODS TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Companies use the following methods to measure  customer satisfaction. 1 ) Complaints and suggestion system: Companies obtaining complaints through their  customer service centres, and further suggestions were given by customers to satisfy their  desires. 2) Customer satisfaction surveys: Responsive  companies  obtain  a  direct  measure  of  customer  satisfaction  by  periodic surveys.They send questionnaires to random sample of their customers to find out how they feel  about  various  aspects of  the company’s performance and also  solicit views  on their competitor’s performance. It is useful to measure the customer’s willingness to recommen d the company and brand to other persons. 3 )Lost Customer Analysis: Companies should contact customers who have stopped buying or who have switched to another supplier to learn why this happened. 4 )Consumer Behavior Vs  Consumption Behavior:Consumer behavior refers to the manner in which an individual reaches decision related to the selection, purchases and use of goods and services. Walters and Paul says that,consumer behavior is the process where by the individuals decides what, when, how and from whom to purchase goods ; services. Consumer  behavior  relates  to  an  individual  person  (Micro  behavior)  where  asconsumption behavior relates to and to the mass or aggregate of individuals. (Macro  behaviour) consumers   behavior   as  a  study  focuses  on  the  decision  process  of  the individual consumer or consuming unit such as the  family.In contrast the consumption behavior as a study is to do with the explanation of the  behavior of the aggregate of consumers or the consuming unit. Consumer is a pivot,around which the entire system of marketing revolves. The study of buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful mark. 1. 2. IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION The needs to satisfy customer for success in any commercial enterprise is very obvious. The income of all commercial enterprise is derived from the  payments received for the products and services supplied to its customers.If  there is no customer there is no income and there is no business. Then the coreactivity of any company is to attract and retain customers. It is therefore no surprise that Peter Drucker the renowned management Guru, has said â€Å"to satisfy the customers is the mission and purpose of every business†. Satisfaction of customer is essential for retention of customer’s and for  continuous sales of the products and services of the company to customers. This  establishes  the needa fo r and the importance of customer satisfaction. The  satisfaction  of  consumers  is  different  from  onto another.Became,  each consumer has the different behaviour in their life. So, the marketer satisfy the consumer, he must very well know the behaviour of consumer. 1. 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR The  term  consumer  behaviour  may  be  defined  as  the  behaviour   that consumer displays in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating, producing,services and ideas which they expect will satisfy their needs. In other words, â€Å"It is a study of physiological, social, physical, behaviours of all potential customer  as they become aware of evaluation, purchase and consumption and ell other  about products and services† 1. 5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: * To study the evaluation of cell phones with particular reference to India. * To ascertain the attributer which influenced the customer’s in selecting a  particular cell phone services provider. * To study  the consumer’s satisfaction towards different cell  phone service  providers. * To assess the problems faced by the cell phone users in services. * To offer valuable suggestions to improve the services of cell phones in each companies. INRODUCTION TO TELECOM INDUSTRY The Indian Telecommunications network with 110. 1 million connections is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. Today, it is the fastest growing market in the world and represents unique opportunities for U. S. companies in the stagnant global scenario. The total subscriber base, which has grown by 40% in 2005,is expected to reach 250 million in 2007. According to Broadband Policy 2004, Government of India aims at 9 million broadband connections and 18 million internet connections by2007. The wireless subscriber base has jumped from 33. 69 million in 2004 to 62. 57 million in FY2004- 2005.In the last 3 years, two out of every three new telephone subscribers were wireless  subscribers. Consequently, wireless  now accounts for  54. 6% of  the total  telephone subscriber base, as compared to only 40% in 2003. Wireless subscriber growth is expected to  bypass 2. 5 million new subscribers per month by 2007. The wireless technologies currently in use are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are primarily 9 GSM and 5 CDMA operators providing mobile services in 19 telecom circles and 4 metro cities, covering 2000 towns across the country. . 6. NEED OF THE STUDY Exchange of information becomes the necessity of life to a common man. In the modern world an individual tends to communicate anything to everything right from the place where he/she stands. Even while riding vehicle he / she wants communicate within a  fraction of second at quick speed with clear  voice,without any disturbance. Like line crossing, out of order, etc. most of which lack in the connection given by the department of tele-communictions. Cell  phones emerges as a boon quench such a thirst, the by providing facilities,which a common man cannot imagine.Though cell phone industry has its originin the recent past and the growth has been excellent Day by day many new competitors enter the market with new attractive schemes,  provide additional facilities, add new  features to existing ones, reduce the charges her incoming and outgoing calls, introduce varieties of handsets,models  a  healthy  competition  that  benefits  the  subscribers. Hence  in  this context, it is important to study the functioning of cellular phone services and the utilization of their services by the telephonesation. 1. 8. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMIn our country the growth of service marketing especially mobile phone industry is still in its infancy stage, as compared to the industrially advanced countries. It is for the fact that the economy of our country has been i n the developing stage. There are various mobile phones services provider’s in our  country and they are playing an essential role in fulfilling the needs of the customers. Now-a-days, the customers are more dynamic. Their taste, needs and  preference can the changing as per current scenario. Hence the development of  cellular industry mainly depends on the customer satisfaction.However the following questions may arise regarding customer satisfaction. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE India is the world’s fastest growing industry in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China, with 811. 59 million mobile phone subscribers. According to the world telecommunications industry, India will have 1. 200 billion mobile subscribers by 2013. Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013.In 1850 experimental electric teleg raph started for first time in India between  Calcutta (Kolkata) and Diamond Harbor (southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the banks of the Hooghly River). In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. Subsequently construction of telegraph started through out India. A separate department was opened to the public in 1854. Dr. William O’Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom.Calcutta or the-then Kolkata was chosen as it was the capital of British India. In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England opened telephone exchanges at Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and Ahmedabad. On the 28th January 1882 the first formal telephone service was established with a total of 93 subscribers. From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable telegraph to wireless telegraph, radio telegraph, radio telephone, trunk dial ing. Trunk dialing used in India for more than a decade, were system allowed subscribers to dial calls with operator assistance.Later moved to digital microwave, optical fiber, satellite earth station. During British period all major cities and towns in India were linked with telephones. In the year 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was responsible for telecom services in entire country after separation from Indian Post ; Telecommunication. Decade later Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was chipped out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment.In1995 TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was setup. This reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT in 2000 and renamed Department of Telecom as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). In last 10 years many private operator’s espe cially foreign investors successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. Globally acclaimed operators like Telenor, NTT Docomo, Vodafone, Sistema, SingTel, Maxis, Etisalat invested in India mobile operators. Wireless CommunicationPager Services Pager communication successful launched in India in the year 1995. Pagers were looked upon as devices that offered the much needed mobility in communication, especially for businesses. Motorola was a major player with nearly 80 per cent of the market share. The other companies included Mobilink, Pagelink, BPL, Usha Martin telecom and Easy call. Pagers were generally worn on the belt or carried in the pocket. The business peaked in 1998 with the subscriber base reaching nearly 2 million. However, the number dropped to less than 500,000 in 2002.The pager companies in India were soon struggling to maintain their business. While 2-way pagers could have buffered the fall, the pager companies were not in a position to upgrade their i nfrastructure to improve the ailing market. The Indian Paging Services Association was unable to support the industry. Pager companies in India also offered their services in regional languages also. However, the end had begun already. By 2002, Motorola stops making or servicing pagers. When mobile phones were commercially launched in India, the pager had many advantages to boast.Pagers were smaller, had a longer battery life and were considerably cheaper. However, the mobile phones got better with time and continuously upgraded themselves. Mobile Communication First mobile telephone service on non-commercial basis started in India on 48th Independence Day at country’s capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in India on July 31st, 1995 over  Modi Telstra’s MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later mobile telephone services are divided into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in th e world.Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under 800Mhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom sector is hit by severe spectrum crunch, corruption by India Govt. officials and financial troubles. In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operator’s started to launch their services.Broadband communication After US, Japan, India stands in third largest Internet users of which 40% of Internet used via mobile phones. India ranks one of the lowest provider of broadband speed as compared countries such as Japan, India and Norway. Minimum broadband speed of 256kbit/s but speed above 2Mbits is still in a nascent stage. Year 2007 had been declared as â€Å"Year of Broadband† in India. Telco’s based on ADSL/VDSL in India generally have speeds up to 24Mbit max while those based on newer Optical Fiber technology offer up to 100Mbits in some plans Fiber-optic communication (FTTx).Broadband growth has been plagued by many problems. Complicated tariff structure, metered billing, High charges for right of way, Lack of domestic content, non implementation of Local-loop unbundling have all resulted in hindrance to the growth of broadband. Many experts think future of broadband is on the hands of   wireless factor. BWA auction winners are expected to roll out LTE and WiMAX in India in 2012. Next Generation Network (NGN) Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access