Journal Article Review Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Article Review Assignment - Essay Example Alcohol abuse or dependence emerged in the investigation, which in particular has significant relation to the occurrence of crime such as actual suicide and suicide attempts. Suicide attempts, as crime-related scenarios were remarkable in various geographical contexts, but there is no significant amount of studies trying to investigate the actual contribution of alcohol use disorder on the prevalence of suicide attempt. In the chosen study, the proponents have remarkably investigated this concern by employing older adults who were hospitalized in connection with a suicide attempt. In order to further understand this claim, the proponents investigated further the suicidal behaviors of respondents with suicidal attempting experience even if they have AUD or not. This is to remarkably create a link to a significant gap in the literature concerning this issue. The specific individuals included in the study were 70 years or older, who were having hospital treatment due to suicide attempt during 2003-2006. Out of the 133 eligible participants, 103 of them were enrolled in the study, which comprised the 47 men, 56 women, and both groups with average age of 80 years and a response rate of 77%. Random sampling technique was employed. Statistical analysis involved was correlation, because the proponents were after of finding the actual level association between the variables. In order to implement this, the case comparison was initiated. â€Å"AUD was observed in 26% of the cases and in 4% of the comparison group (odds ratio [OR]: 10.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.9–22.5). Associations were noted in men (OR: 9.5; 95% CI: 4.0–22.8) and women (OR: 12.0; 95% CI: 2.4–59.5). More than half of the cases with AUD and  a third of those without AUD had made at least one prior suicide attempt. In these, AUD was associated with a longer interval

The Evolution of Aviation in World War I and II Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Aviation in World War I and II Essay Because of urgent needs, aviation evolved rapidly in the First and Second World War. It was in the First World War that air fights occurred upon the development of fighter planes and that aerial bombings were carried on by bomber planes. Along with the invention of fighters and bombers was an innovation in design of airplanes for increased speed and capacity for higher altitudes. The Second World War saw the continued evolution of aviation, still geared upon increased speed and capacity for higher altitudes. What was the main difference in the first and Second World War was the development of the turbojet engine as an alternative to piston-engines. Radar was also used in aviation for the first time in the Second World War. This paper will discuss how aviation evolved in the First and Second World War. It will also explore the major differences in Research and Development during those era. II. Aviation in World War I When countries of Europe entered into a conflict that was called the First World War, airplanes and airships were already popular inventions. Prior to the conflict, these flying machines were primarily used for transport. Also there was air competition, specifically regarding design and speed, that were participated by many European countries and winners were awarded with money. However, some countries had also seen the military potential or usefulness of these flying machines in war time especially for reconnaissance or spying (Murphy, 2005, p. 33). And when European countries embraced the devastating First World War, airplanes and airships were put into good use. In the early days of the war, airplanes and airships were utilized extensively for reconnaissance. Airplanes were not primarily thought as weapons for warfare. In fact, the condition of military aviation in most countries when the war broke was only in its infancy stage. It was Germany who owned the largest operationally deployed aircraft but it was France who produced the best quality and had the largest aeroplane manufacturing base (Cowin, 2000, pp 8-9. ). Although Russia was also technologically advance in terms of air power, it lacked the industrial infrastructure to develop its aircraft needs. The United States on the other hand, although the first to develop the ‘heavier-than-air† flight in 1903, was slow in advancing its air technology (Murphy, 2005, p. 34-37). Reconnaissance was a very important part of military strategy in the war. Airplanes and Zeppelins (German airships) were used for long-range spying. Reconnaissance involved the photographing of fronts and scouting to see the movements and weakness of the enemy troops and to also keep track of where one’s own troops were already at after launching. Commanders used all reconnaissance information for their battle plans (Murphy, 2005, p. 50). The effectiveness of reconnaissance helped to change aviation history. It was the success of aircraft reconnaissance that contributed to the stalemate of warring nations as war progresses. In this connection, reconnaissance aircrafts became targets of new high powered ground weapons. Nations therefore had to make a way to protect their reconnaissance aircrafts. Moreover, trench warfare also called for an immediate action to prevent the enemy from conducting aerial spying ( Murphy, 2005, p. 48). These situations gave rise to the development of mostly biplanes (two winged) fighters and bombers. Consequently the development of fighters and bombers results to design innovation of the airplane (Murphy, 2005, p. 48). Pilots used pistols and rifles for firing especially in dogfights were flying fighter planes exchanged bullets at each other. However, it was not an effective weapon against a moving target. Designers had thought of installing the newly invented lightweight machine guns instead. Earlier, inventors had observed that it is more effective to fire a machine gun through the arc of the propeller using a tractor driven aircraft (plane propeller at the front) so that pilots can use the airplane for aiming. Pusher planes (planes that have propellers and engine at the rear) may seem advantageous at first in that the machine gun can be put at the nose of the plane however this left the rear of the plane vulnerable to attack and also it was hard and slow to maneuver. There is danger, however, in tractor driven aircraft in that the bullet may hit the propeller and strike the pilot or damage the engine. To solve this problem, a Dutch aircraft designer, Anthony Fokker, developed a synchronized machine gun in his monoplane called the Eindecker. It works by synchronizing the interrupter gear with the camshaft so that the interrupter gear could be timed to prevent the gun from firing at a moment when a bullet would strike a propeller blade (Murphy, 2005, pp. 52-54). The bombers, on the other hand, were developed out of a strong desire to strike behind enemy lines and to cripple their capacity and will to fight. In the early days of the war, the Germans had attempted to use their Zeppelins for bombings but it was extremely vulnerable to ground fire. In fact, they lost three Zeppelins by the end of August 1914 alone ((Murphy, 2005, p. 48). Other innovations in the design of the airplanes were also called for to gain advantage over the enemy. In fact, at the end of the First World War, the airplane had undergone rapid physical renovation that it bores little resemblance to the â€Å"frail wooden and cloth war birds that had entered the war† ( Eckert , 2006, p. 58). Prior to 1914, most planes were designed after the Wright Flyer with control surfaces in front of the wings for a canard type or having wings that were shaped like birds or pigeon type. In this prewar model (or birdman era), the fuselage and the wings were made from plywood covered with fabric and held together by string to meet the requirement of achieving the least possible weight for the entire structure in â€Å"heavier than air† flights. The replacement of thin airfoils with a self-supporting cantilevered wings held in place by struts and wires was an important innovation to reduce air resistance and increase speed along with strong motors. The influence of the wingspan and shape of wings were also studied. Before long the airplane evolved into a full metal construction, example, the Junkers F-13 (Eckert, 2006, pp. 58-59). Another innovation in aviation was in increasing speed and rising at high altitudes to avoid being shot down by the enemy and to carry heavy loads of bombs. It calls for a remarkable advance in the power of the engines. At the beginning of the war, most of the engines were of about 50 horsepower and the aircraft flew at 70 or 80 miles per hour and rising around 10,000 feet only (Cowin, 2000, p. 9). By the end of the war, some planes were powered by engines of more than 300 horsepower. Fighter planes could travel at 140 to 150 miles per hour and rising at 30,000 feet (Cowin, 2000, p. 84).

Oloudah Equianos The Slave Trade Essay -- Equiano Slave Trade Slavery

Oloudah Equiano's The Slave Trade Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in an area of Africa which is now Nigeria. At the age of eleven he was captured and brought into slavery. In his book, The Slave Trade, Equiano describes the slave trade during this time. He illustrates how he became a slave and how slaves were treated. Through his descriptions of his homeland and other aspects of his life, we gain insight into the state of world trade at that time. Equiano's description of his homeland exemplifies "the Columbian Exchange" in operation. First of all, Equiano discusses how planters from the West Indies preferred slaves from Benin because of their ability and hardiness. This statement illustrates a connection between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. Equiano also describes some of the crops which were grown in his homeland. He mentions corn and tobacco which are both native to the Western Hemisphere. One can see an example of "the Columbian Exchange" through Equiano's experiences. A network of trade can also be seen in Equiano's discussion of the marketplace of his homeland. He describes the presence of Oye-Eboe people at his village's marketplace. Oye-Eboe is translated as "red men living at a distance." These men would bring European goods such as guns and gunpowder along with hats, beads and dried fish to trade. The Oye-Eboe Equiano describes could actually be Aro people from the south of Isseke who were involved in the slave trade. The Aro would trade these goods for captives to be sold as slaves. Because these people had fish to trade, one can see they were from the coast, therefore, they most likely had direct contact with Europeans. The network of trade between Africa and Europe is mapped out by his... ...e worst of it suffocated. Equiano was very ill and was able to spend a good deal of time on deck, where at least the air was a bit fresher. The crew of the ship were brutal to the slaves. They once tossed fresh fish overboard while the slaves begged to eat some. Equiano was treated like a human being while still in Africa, but like a wild animal on the British slave ship. Through my reading of Equiano's memoirs, much of what I had known before was reinforced. However, there were a few things I didn't understand before. First, I didn't know before that Africa even used slave labor. I was also surprised to learn that African people were enslaved by other African people. I was glad to learn, however, that slavery was used as a form of punishment. I was also very surprised at the strong contrast between the treatment of slaves in Africa and in the Western Hemisphere.

Three Challenges That Might Arise When Writing a Paper

Poor research skills, and choosing an interesting topic. To overcome the vocabulary issue a thesaurus is helpful, for research skills, practice reading and read about many different subjects. To come up with a good, interesting topic, brainstorm and ask friends and classmates for input. Three challenges you may encounter while writing a paper; 1. Not understanding the topic 2. Not knowing where to start 3.Not knowing how to make your paragraphs cohesive. I can give you ideas of some challenges that might arise when writing a paper, but we don't write essays or paragraphs for people here. [ Some challenges that arise when writing are: deciding on a thesis, finding a sufficient amount of reputable sources, staying on topic throughout the paper, finding one's own spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors, varying sentence structure in order to make the paper flow, and staying on task.Some challenges include: Not having a strong voluntary, Poor research skills, and choosing an interes ting topic. To overcome the vocabulary issue a thesaurus is helpful, for research skills, practice reading and read about many different subjects. To come up with a good, interesting topic, brainstorm and ask friends and classmates for input. Three challenges you may encounter while writing a paper; 1. Not understanding the topic 2. Not knowing where to start 3.Not knowing how to make your paragraphs cohesive. I can give you ideas of some challenges that might arise when writing a paper, but we don't write essays or paragraphs for people here. [ Some challenges that arise when writing are: deciding on a thesis, finding a sufficient amount of reputable sources, staying on topic throughout the paper, finding one's own spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors, varying sentence structure in order to make the paper flow, and staying on task.

Undoubtedly considerable changes in policing

The area of policing in developed countries has seen a substantive growth in interest among stakeholders forcing curious minds to flounder through WebPages and archives in search for vital information about the systems of policing and new trends.Undoubtedly, considerable changes in policing have occurred recently for reasons such as improved technology, change in culture and expectations of the citizens, increased knowledge, among others. Notably, different countries have different policing system depending on the objectives of the country and its historical background. (Manning 2005)Brief historyPolicing in the UK has been in existence for centuries i.e. since the Saxon times. However, modern policing systems can be dated back to the beginnings of the 19th century, where law enforcers were appointed in localized areas. Originally, the guards policed towns in order to ensure that curfews were adhered to and to contain riots.For example the Edinburgh town guard in 1682, Marine police, Glasgow police which were all formed in the late 18th century. In fact the first police in UK was the city of Glasgow police formed under the Glasgow police Act in the 1800. The police was a publicly funded program from local tax payers’ money and its duty was to prevent crime.The success of this force in that localized area was followed by its subsequent adoption in other areas. Additionally, committees were appointed to investigate of the policing in these areas from 1812-1822 and their findings and recommendations paved way for the incorporation of the metropolitan police Act 1829 under the instruction of Robert Peel, the then Home secretary.Following the passing of this Act the Metropolitan police was founded. Hirschel, David J. and William Wakefield. 1995The policing structure here was highly bureaucratic rigorous and hierarchal.   Their duty still remained to prevent crime and trail law breakers, in an unrestricted approach. The police of those days did not carry any armament due to the previous fears ingrained in citizens by the red dressed armies who used firearms and brutality to enforce laws.Therefore, their weaponry was limited to batons. Their uniform was navy blue in color, a sharp distinction from that of the army, although there were also plain-clothed police detectives but few in number. These differences were in part to create a clear distinction of police from civilians/army and also to eschew the potential of generating fear from civilians. Of course after the establishment of Metropolitan police in Britain, other states followed suit.In 1857, the general police Act in Scotland mandated the formation of country police force in every country, in 1856, England and Wale passed the country and Borough Act which required that police forces be created throughout England and Wales Ireland followed in1877 by forming the Royal Irish constabulary. (www.britannica.com)Soon all the states in the United Kingdom had enforced law enforcement unit (police forces) which since then have undergone reforms to improver efficacy and to streamline the mandates and responsibility of the police force.The US police system borrowed from that of its colonizers the Europeans thus they have an array of similarity. The first police force in the US was found in Boston and in New York as established in 1838 and 1844 respectively. However the first professionalized police force started in California, under August Vollmer and Wilson O.E then police chief.

WWII essays

WWII essays World War II was basically caused by the rise of totalitarian, militaristic regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan, which resulted partially from the Great Depression that plagued the world in the early 1930s and from the conditions created by the peace settlements following World War I. After WWI, Germany, Italy and Japan were anxious to regain or increase their power; all three adopted forms of dictatorship, such as socialism and facism, which made the state supreme and called for expansion at the expense of neighboring countries. These three countries also set themselves up as fighters of communism, which made Western democracies more tolerant of their early actions. In addition, the democracies were so eager for peace that they did not adequately prepare their militaries. Finally, the League of Nations, which was weak from the start by the defection of the United States, was unable to promote disarmament. Basically, the drawn-out economic depression sharpened national rivalries, increased fear and distrust, and made countries susceptible to the promises of demagogues. The League of Nation's failure to stop the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1931 was followed by an increase of treaty violations and acts of aggression. Adolf Hitler came into power in 1933 in Germany, redeveloped the German army and prepared it for a war of conquest. In 1936, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland. Benito Mussolini conquered Ethiopia for Italy; and from 1936 to 1939 the Spanish civil war carried on, with Germany and Italy assisting the fascist forces of Francisco Franco to victory. In 1938, Germany annexed Austria. Shortly after, the British and French policy of appeasement toward the Axis reached its peak with the sacrifice of much of Czechoslovakia to In 1939, Germany occupied all of Czechoslovakia, and Italy seized Albania. AT this point, Great Britain and France abandoned their policy of ...

The Crucibles Relevance to todays Society Essay Example

The Crucibles Relevance to todays Society Essay Example The Crucibles Relevance to todays Society Paper The Crucibles Relevance to todays Society Paper Another example of how the themes of The Crucible relate to modern affairs is what has happened in Kosovo in the past few years. The Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic. He had Albanians in Kosovo sent out of the country or killed. This is called ethnic cleansing. As the Albanians were the odd one out they were hunted down and killed. This is another example of how three hundred years on we have evolved very little when it comes to looking at peoples differences. The events of The Crucible do not just have themes that relate to worldwide affairs, they also have a meaning for things happening in the local area. For instance when something is stolen from someone everyone jumps to conclusions and looks for the odd person out and then assumes its them. Then the person is under some much pressure and just cant take it any more and confess. This is true in the Crucible when John goes to Danforth and tells him why Abagail is calling Witchcraft on his wife. He tells the court that he and Abagail had an affair saying, I have known her. Unfortunately Johns wife lies thinking she is protecting John by saying this is not true when asked by Danforth To your Knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of Lechery? Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher? To which Elizabeth Proctor replies No sir. Then after Mary turns on him and under the pressure he says he says, God is dead which for a puritan society is admitting to witchcraft. The play is so well known that quotes from it are used in TV shows. For instance when there is a witch-hunt for a leek in The West Wing one of the interviewees says (jokingly) I saw Elizabeth Proctor with the devil. So even though The Crucible is about 50 years old quotes are still used from it. It is quite easy to see why the play is in production every week somewhere in the world. Even though Arthur Miller has set the play more than 300 years ago the themes are still relevant today, as I have shown. Even in our supposedly civilised society when someone2 commits a crime we jump through hoops trying to pin the blame on someone else and we are not to picky on who. This I have demonstrated in talking about recent events in America. So are we really all that civilised when we still look for the odd one out and put the blame on them like we did three hundred years ago?