Nationwide Smoking Ban Smoking Should be Banned in All...

The effects of second-hand smoke have been well-known for decades; in fact, the Surgeon General warned the public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking laws that have emerged since the 1980s, and the regulations vary greatly (2010). This is extremely confusing. Some states have strict smoking bans†¦show more content†¦A parent wanting to take a child bowling or an asthmatic wishing to attend a professional hockey game would be out of luck in Missouri since those areas are not subject to public smoking bans. Lenient states like Missouri may be impeding national legislation for a federal smoking ban. These states may be scared of smoking bans because of the fears of local business owners. What they may not realize, though, is that a national smoking ban would eliminate many of these fears. Currently, the lack of a federal law means that states or regions wishing to impose bans have to worry about the impact on businesses. In 2007, Minnesota imposed a very strict state-wide smoking ban (Zdechlik, 2007).This is good, right? The problem is that the neighboring states did not have smoking bans at the time. Some bar owners feared that the bans would hurt their businesses (Erickson, n.d.). While any ban is better than none, a nation-wide ban is most effective for everyone. Another concern of local business owners is that patrons will simply stop going out in inclement or snowy weather if they have to smoke outside (Erickson, n.d.). Like most problems, however, it can be overcome with a little creativity and innovation. One bar manager stated that they planned on â€Å"building a patio and erecting a shelter to protect smokers from wind and rain† (Erickson,Show MoreRelatedSmoking Bans Should Be Banned2047 Words   |  9 PagesIf all smokers in the United States stopped smoking in 2006, 2.8 million premature deaths would be prevented between then and 2025 (Kliff). Also, the money spent on health would decrease by $211 billion in that same time period (Kliff). The health benefits of smoking bans are unquestionable, but the other aspects of it are arguable. A popular belief is that restaurants who ban smoking will receive a considerably lesser amount of money than restaurants that do not ban smoking because smokers willRead More Cigarette Smoking i s a Costly and Deadly Habit! Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Secondhand smoke causes numerous lung cancer deaths annually. Measures have been taken in both workplaces and public places to limit exposure to secondhand smoke. The economic cost of smokers to society is phenomenal- it includes monetary costs, lost workdays and shortened work lives. Many states are establishing and maintaining comprehensive tobacco-control programs to reduce tobaccoRead MoreUnited States Should Adapt Tobacco Free Policies On Their University School Grounds Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesDid you know, smoking causes more than† 440,000 deaths† per year? (â€Å"Effects of Tobacco† 1). That is an overwhelming number of deaths that could be prevented if only the individuals did not use tobacco. As of 2008, East Tennessee State University has adopted a tobacco-free policy for not only the safety of students, but their overall mental and physical h ealth as well. That policy has been increasing on college campuses at a nationwide level. As of 2009, the American College Health Association adoptedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?2575 Words   |  11 Pagesconsidered when making such a large federal decision. Even with the numerous benefits marijuana has to offer, it is still classified as illegal in most states. Considering marijuana’s many medical and economic values it should be legalized for all purposes. Additionally, other drugs should be considered for legalization under federal law due to the benefits that decriminalization has proven to hold. Medical marijuana is not a new development. It has been discovered that civilizations as early as 8000Read MoreThe Roaring Twenties And The Jazz Age1766 Words   |  8 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Daily Life The 1920s were called the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† or the â€Å"Jazz Age† in North America, the â€Å"Golden Age Twenties† in Europe and â€Å"Annà ©es folles† by French speakers all because this era was a period of sustained economic prosperity with emphasis in each name of the era’s social, artistic and cultural change. A time when there was a revolution in almost every part of daily human life where more and more people were moving from the countryside to the city in search of wealthRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should be Legalized Essay1973 Words   |  8 Pagesbother President Obama. Users should not be locked up for long stretches because they are poor and lack the resources to hire a decent lawyer. (Chokshi)Colorado on January 1, 2014, legalized the sale of recreational marijuana. Washington state will begin selling recreational marijuana later this spring. California is ready to introduce a statewide referendum to legalize marijuana in 2014. California’s Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom feels pot (marijuana) should be legal in the Golden State. Read MoreThe Effective And Humane Method Of Capital Punishment2442 Words   |  10 PagesIn 1790, Thomas Bird became the first person to be executed under the United States Constitution. Convicted of murder and piracy, Bird was publically hanged, all for the slim cost of five dollars and fifty cents—for the construction of a gallows and a coffin. Since then, the U.S. state and federal governments have executed thousands of people by various methods. First introduced in 1608, numerous of methods have been practiced in the history of the American colonies and the United States, but onlyRead MoreCoke Ethical Issues4934 Wor ds   |  20 Pagesservice because it encourages people to take in more and more liquids. - Michael Douglas Ivester, Coke’s Chairman and CEO. Public schools are funded by the public to educate the children as provided by state law. It is totally inappropriate that its facilities and employees are being used by corporations to increase their own profits on public time and with public dollars. Dr. Brita Butler-Wall, Executive Director, Citizens Campaign for Commercial-Free Schools, US. THE RECALL Read MoreBusiness Ethics6288 Words   |  26 Pagestheir restaurants: There are the Heavy Users (about 72% of customers, who eat at their restaurants once or twice a week), and the SUPER Heavy Users (about 22% of customers, who eat McDonald s three or more times a week An Inconvenient Truth (All Gore) Maatschappelijke invloed An Inconvenient Truth en het bezoek van Al Gore in 2006 heeft veel invloed gehad op het klimaatbewustzijn in de wereld. Bijvoorbeeld Tony Blair en Jan Peter Balkenende lieten zich inspireren door de film.[3] OokRead MoreUnit 8: Promoting Health and Well Being Essay15634 Words   |  63 Pagesphysical health. You need to eat healthy food, try not to eat too much junk food, do exercise, for example you can walk at least 30 minutes at day, sleep and rest enough, the time that a person should sleep is at least 8 hours for day. Being physically active not only helps prevent lung cancer in the first place, but it look like improve survival and quality of life for those already diagnosed, this is why physical health is relate with my project as is important that individuals know about it. Intellectually

Communication Meaning of Life and Words - 1571 Words

KENYA INSTITUTE OF STUDIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE NAIROBI CAMPUS COURSE: DIPLOMA IN CRIMINOLOGY/DLM MODULE: COMMUNICATION TASK 1: EXPLAIN HOW WORDS CAN DICTATE PREJUDICE AND PERCEPTION NAME: DENNIS OKODOI OJUMA ADMISSION NUMBER: 8034 TRAINERS NAME: JACINTA WARINGA DATE SUBMITTED:1/02/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 How words dictate prejudice and perception†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3,4,5,6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 INTRODUCTION The words we use and the order in we use them give particular meaning to our communication. There are certain occasions when the meaning is clear even though the words used are technically wrong. But you cannot be certain that everyone with whom you†¦show more content†¦Our selective processes allow us to add delete or change stimuli so that we can avoid dealing with certain information. Wrong use of words can also lead to a process called selective perception which is the tendency to see hear and believe only what u want. Words can help us form first impression about people thus first impressions can dramatically affect perception about people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ you will find that people usually attribute positive qualities to persons A, selecting a descriptive word with very positive connotations in contrast, persons B is often perceived as possessing negative qualities and for this reason the word chosen to describe B has also negative connotations† (gamble 2002) Perhaps the most difficult thing with words is that they can mean two different things to two different people, and they do not have the opportunity to query it immediately. Benjamin Disraeli, the first English prime minister of Jewish descend and a brilliant novelist used to reply in this words to admires who send him large manuscripts of their own in the hopesShow MoreRelated Symbolic Interaction Theory Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagescritique, and understand interpersonal communication. The meanings assigned through symbols can be altered through an interpretive process which is directly related with the communication process. This interpretive process, therefore, highlights the importance of communication process for interaction with society. Symbolic interaction theory explains the ways in which family as a unit interacts with each other engaging in verbal and nonverbal communication. This theory uses the basic modes and symbolsRead MoreLanguage As A System Of Communication1053 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage is an important aspect in our day to day life because it enables us to communicate. The effective communication is made possible with the help of language. Language and communication are so closely related that they are almost the same. If we used a dictionary to find alternative words for language the top alternative is verbal communication , words , speech and talking . Consider the following definitions of language found in dictionaries and introductory textbooks: a. LanguageRead MoreBenefits And Limitations Of Intercultural Communication1307 Words   |  6 PagesExplore the benefits and limitations of Intercultural communication Today we live in a ‘global community’ connected to the whole world by ties of culture, latest communication and travel technologies, politics, economics and a shared environment. We now live in a multicultural society where we interact with people of different colours, nationalities, cultures and languages. With the benefit of modern technology, it has also enabled us to interact and communicate with people for personal and businessRead MoreCommunication Introduction Worksheet Essay725 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Communication Introduction Worksheet In your own words, please answer the following questions. Each response should be written as an academic paragraph of at least 150 words. Be clear and concise, and be sure to explain your answers. If you cite any sources, use APA format. Paragraph QUESTIONS 1. WHAT IS THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION? WHAT DOES COMMUNICATION MEAN TO YOU PERSONALLY? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. (150 WORDS) Answers will vary. The textRead MoreCommunication through Gestures and Facial Expressions Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication through Gestures and Facial Expressions Nonverbal communication can be defined as the transfer of messages without the use of words. It uses physical movement; such as hand gestures and body language, and also facial expressions; for example, eye contact, frowning, and smiling. Marta Dynel defines nonverbal (NVC) communication as: While in broad definitions NVC includes any kind of non-verbal messages (or non-verbal signs) proper to informative processes, more narrow definitionsRead MoreCommunication Is The Way Of Communication1476 Words   |  6 PagesCommunications is defined as the â€Å"act of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else;† in other words, communication (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Communication is something that many people overlook and argue to be unessential to learn about; I have to argue otherwise. Communication is the thing that allows us to express our emotions, feelings, and opinions to others in a variety of ways. There are multitudesRead MoreA Closer Look At I.a. Richards1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe use of language and it is a common and recurring theme throughout his work. Richards was a teacher, philosopher, poet, prolific speaker, lover of books and words themselves (Russo, 201 5). A complex man who led a complicated life, Richards ultimately facilitated a way to better understand the intricate process of how words gain meaning (Golden, Berquist, Coleman, Sproule, 2010). Through examining the semantic triangle theory, a student can understand how to become an efficient communicator. DiscussedRead MoreIndividuals Always Consciously or Unconsciously Communicate Essay543 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication is a complex word with infinite meanings. The textbook defines communication as a process by which people in relationships, groups, communities, and more develop and apply information to relate to the surroundings and to each other. Individuals are always communicating, whether it be consciously or unconsciously. Communication involves reacting to and constructing messages and converting them into information that is relevant and useful (Ruben Stewart, 2006). Because we can createRead MoreSpecial Issues Paper1542 Words   |  7 PagesIssues Paper and Pre sentation Corbo Mikah BSCOM/100 Introduction to Communication November 09, 2015 Mary Lee Special Issues Paper and Presentation This is our final assignment for your class, and because of my communication issues with my children, I am writing this paper again and will have to redo all of my presentation. When I started this class, I was stunned because I thought I knew everything I needed about communication. Well as you can guess, I was wrong I have learned quite a bit alongRead MoreLanguage Is A Method Of Human Communication1350 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage is a method of human communication, one of the most important things all humans have in common. In Dillon’s Grammar Repair textbook, she mentions that language is power and those who can exercise its power â€Å"possess a greater share of life’s privileges across the board† (1). Language greatly defines the person and how they are deceived by others. In the essays â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"The Meanings of a Word,† and â€Å"But What Do You Mean?† language is depicted as a controller of our lives in the workp lace

Comparison of FLOSS SQL and NoSQL in Web Applications

Question: Describe about the Comparison of FLOSS SQL and NoSQL in Web Applications. Answer: Introduction In this literature review, the comparison between the database management systems that depends either on SQL or FLOSS NoSQL used in different web application is discussed. In addition to this difference of functionalities between both databases are also provided in this literature review. SQL vs. NoSQL For the different websites and its huge client base it is important to maintain distributed or relational database so that it can serve and respond to its customers faster and better. In the traditional databases mainly the schema based relational databases are used. Different web applications such as, online social networks, photo sharing, ecommerce etc. requires low-latency backend database system to store critical client data, such asaccount settings, emails, posts from the user, shopping carts, and photos (Birgen, Preisig and Morud 2014). However use of the SQL databases in the large applications creates extra overhead for the developers as this type of databases are not scalable with the demand of the users. In order to overcome this hurdles related to scalability developers tried two ways to solve it. One is application specific scalability techniques and another is to replace the traditional data base system with the NoSQL system which provides scalability by its shedding functionality. Both SQl and NoSQL database systems has their advantages and drawbacks. Therefore while choosing between the two database systems it is important for the developer to know the requirement of the application clearly. A survey on Relational Database vs. NoSQL databases: According to Mohamed, Altrafi and Ismail (2014), the evolution of the data storage is initiated by the requirement of handling a large volume of user data by the developers at backend. As the relational databases at the clusters are not able to manage the large amount data gathered at the clusters. According to the authors NoSQL is successful in todays scenario for the following features, Manages data at the clusters very well. Does not use the relational model. Open source. The popularity of the FLOSS (Free, libre, open source software) NoSQL databases are getting increased day by day since the software is developed by an informal collaborative network of programmers. In addition to this the source codes of this softwares are licensed free of cost. Consequently the source codes of the NoSQL database can be modified, improved. These improvements are helpful in better performance of database. Again, if we consider the support for the systems then it can be said that relational database are supported and backed by professional, on the contrary NoSQL databases are supported by volunteers. In contrast with the relational database, the NoSQL databases are able to scale horizontally, whereas the relational databases are scaled vertically. In case of NoSQL, consistency is weak, the last updated write to the database is visible to the other users, and source code is complex to understand and is parallelizable (Birgen, Preisig and Morud 2014). At the end it can be stated that NoSQL is not meant to be the replacement of the relational database rather functionally different alternative for the users. In addition to this the NoSQL can be thought as the aggregation of different characteristics FLOSS and relational database. On the contrary according to other authors like Atzeni et al (2013), the abuse of privileges that are provided by the FLOSS databases like NoSQL may lead to the questionable claims of copyright over the software. In addition to this, the monetary values of this softwares are not clear to the governments (Khan 2012). Therefore, it is impossible to figure out the way in which these products are going to be taxed. Comparison of NoSQL and SQL Databases in the Cloud The FLOSS NoSQL databases are now used widely for the different web applications since the throughput of relational databases is less than the NoSQL databases while processing a huge amount of data. The main emphasis of the development of NoSQL is to use the advantages of storing key values, document database and graph database. Since the RDBMS is able to manage vertical scaling (adding new hardware to existing machines). For NoSQL databases the users does not need to maintain a predefined structure or schema. On the contrary the NoSQL databases are able to manage and the handle the data that is generated by adding more number of machines to existing cluster. Therefore it is helpful for the networks where it is assumed that large number of machines can be added to the cluster to accommodate more number of users (Hammes, Medero and Mitchell, 2014). One of the examples of NoSQL data base is Mongo DB. Moreover, the object relation mapping in the databases is expensive, time consuming an d asks the developers to treat the data relationally even though it is not always needed. Relational database systems is developed using the philosophy One size fits all. According to this philosophy it is assumed that RDBMs are the generic tools that can handle all kind of data management requirements. In case of relational databases, it provides ACID transactions and is considered as necessary for each and every transaction. Practically it is seen that, for some specific web applications it is not necessary and hence it only adds extra overhead to the back end data administrators (Sharma and Dave). The NoSQL databases compromises with the consistency of data as it is intended to support the availability of the data and partition tolerance. As the relational database systems are characterized by the ACID (Atomicity, consistency, integrity and durability), similarly the NoSQL databases are characterized by BASE (Basically available, soft state, Eventual consistency). When users want to retrieve data from the database they use the complex SQL (structured query language) for the relational database (Hammes, Medero and Mitchell 2014). On the other hand to retrieve the data in NoSQL it uses much simpler query language. Conclusion From the above discussion on SQL and NoSQL it is clear that SQL data bases are best as a generic solution for the application. This idea of generic solution for every solution is criticized by different authors. The reason behind this criticism is different requirements in terms of performance, consistency and so on can be observed for different applications. Therefore, 'One Size Fits All' concept has different flaws that can affect the performance of the web applications. Hence, for different web applications most probable and secure database is NoSQL databases due to its scalability and security features. References Atzeni, P., Jensen, C.S., Orsi, G., Ram, S., Tanca, L. and Torlone, R., 2013. The relational model is dead, SQL is dead, and I don't feel so good myself.ACM SIGMOD Record,42(2), pp.64-68. Birgen, C., Preisig, H. and Morud, J., 2014. SQL vs. NoSQL. Fowler, M. and Sadalage, P.J., 2012. NoSQL distilled. Hammes, D., Medero, H. and Mitchell, H., 2014. Comparison of NoSQL and SQL Databases in the Cloud.Proceedings of the Southern Association for Information Systems (SAIS), Macon, GA, pp.21-22. Khan, M.A., 2012. SQL vs NoSQL. Lawrence, R., 2014, March. Integration and virtualization of relational SQL and NoSQL systems including MySQL and MongoDB. InComputational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), 2014 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 285-290). IEEE. Mohamed, M.A., Altrafi, O.G. and Ismail, M.O., 2014. Relational vs. NoSQL databases: A survey.International Journal of Computer and Information Technology,3(03), pp.598-601. Sharma, V. and Dave, M., 2012. SQL and NoSQL Databases.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,2(8).

Reaction Paper About the Famous Paintings free essay sample

I. Introduction There have been quite a number of famous artists in this world, and you would be hard-pressed to come to a conclusion about which one is better than the other. While you might prefer one’s work over another, it’s difficult to argue with the near eternal stranglehold that these painters have on the artistic world. With so many paintings that have been created over time, which ones are the best? Below you’ll find five of only the most famous paintings in the world. II. Famous Paintings 1. The Scream Everyone knows this painting.The weird looking guy with his palms on his cheeks, standing on a pier or something with the background in shades of blue and red. The original was created in 1893 by Edvard Munch in Norway, but several other versions were painted sometime after as well. The painting shows the hill of Ekeberg in the background, and it’s believed that the figure is actually Edvard himself after a day out with friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper About the Famous Paintings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. The Last Supper The famous Leonardo Da Vinci painted this piece in 1495, and it is considered an â€Å"accurate† portrayal of Jesus’s final days as told by Gospel of John 13:21, when one of his Apostles would betray him, some believe.It was painted for Duke Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d’Este as a sort of gift offering. Even though the painting has been restored countless times, it is still considered an original and can be seen by anyone who is interested in visiting Milan, Italy. 3. Birth of Venus Painted by Sandro Botticelli around 1485, it is now being held by a museum in Florence, Italy. Said to depict the goddess Venus, she is shown emerging from the water on a clamshell, surrounded by two other figures.The original location for the commission of the painting and the actual painting remains a mystery, much like the mystery of how  Michigan Buick dealers  can give such great deals. 4. The Starry Night Crafted by Vincent Van Gogh, the guy who chopped off his own ear and sent it in the mail as a sign of love, painted this in 1889. Still considered by many to be his finest work, it’s hard to agree with the level of detail and interesting signatures that the painting entails. Sure, the guy might have been a bit eccentric and somewhat crazy, but the man could paint a hell of a painting. The painting depicts his view from the window of his room while in a sanatorium. 5. Mona Lisa Probably the most famous painting in the world, you knew this one would come up eventually. Also painted by the genius Leonardo Da Vinci in 1503, it is on display at the Musee du Louvre in Paris. Depicting Lisa del Giocondo in a sitting position, the facial features of the painting are often described as the pinnacle of human art. Perhaps the most famous woman in the world because of Leonardo’s painting, Lisa del Giocondo will be forever known as the Mona Lisa.These are perhaps the world’s most famous paintings to have ever been created. While there are plenty of paintings that people know about in addition to these, you cannot argue the fact that most of the world could recognize these paintings in a heartbeat. Reaction Paper About The Famous Paintings Vynn Yvz A. Zacarias BSIT – 2A/Irregular Humanities III. Conclusion In reaction to the art paintings artists gravitated to the new found freedom of emotional expression. Nature in its wild, unbounded state was a perfect match for the new style.To those painters following the new trend nature was irregular, a structure full of primitiveness and wild accidental happenings. Nature in the raw struck a nerve in the in these artists and stoked creative imaginations. Contemporary thought didnt limit itself singularly to images of beauty either. The emotionalism of the sublime caused an interest in adventure, an interest in things grotesque and also things in the spiritual realm. There are many more famous painters and their works of art is displayed in various art museums all over the world while some hang in private galleries.

Seventh Group Essays - Probability And Statistics, Computing

Seventh Group 1G Dewi Widyawati (16.9076) Mohammad Ammar Alwandi (16.9227) Sri Indriyani Siregar (16.9432) Title : Statistician, The Most Influential Jobs in The World Thesis Statement : Statistician is the most influential jobs in three reasons. Outline : High salary Normal working hour Related with other studies economics, demography, sociology, biology, Provide data for public policy birth planning policy, state budget, poverty alleviation Many job opportunity high demand of statistician, companies realize the important of statistician in their company Work indoor High job satisfaction Statisti cian, The Most Influential Jobs in The World Karl Pearson, an influential English mathematician and biostatistician said that "Statistics is a grammar of science". It means that science are linking each other using statistics as a grammar to create perfect knowledge. A person who mastered statistics called statistician. A statistician is the most influential jobs in three reasons. The first reason is statistics related to other studies. Statistics connected with economics, demography, sociology, biology, etc. For example, a statistician in biology is called biostatistician. In 19th centuries, Karl Pearson researched about natural selection concept using statistics method, so he was called biostatistician. In the other side, a statistics related to demography in the record of births, deaths, marriages, immigration and emigration and a regular census of the population provides information that is key to making decisions. In addition, in economics, statistics used to calculate gross domestic product precisely. A second reason is a statistician provide official statistics for public policies planning. Statistics is the first thing that looked by the government when they make a public policy. For example, the government must consider the birth/mortality rate statistic if they want to make antenatal policy and population projection to avoid under/overestimated. In addition, the government must consider the inflation rate if they want to set the state budget. Moreover, poverty alleviation needs the social-economy statistic to formulating the policies. All of the public policies need statistic and all of these was made by the statistician. The final reason is the demand of statisticians is increased because of the big data era. According to John Acred, founder and CTO of Silicon Valley Data Science, Big Data refers to a combination of an approach to informing decision making with analytical insight derived from data, and a set of enabling technologies that enable that insight to be economically derived from at times very large, diverse sources of data. The companies begin to looking the use of the statistic to improve their business. Based on a report by Accenture, career consulting company, 89% believe that companies without statistician (big data analytics) in the next year will lose the market share and will not competitive. Furthermore, the companies spending more than 20% of their technology budget on big data analytics. Based on economic principle, if demand increases the price of statistician will increase too. To sum up, in this big data era, being statistician is the most prominent jobs. Without well-qualified statisticians, the targets of development policy will not appropriate with the real condition. Therefore, all of the academicians or practitioners, wherever its job, must understand statistics to encourage his/her career.

Origin of the term black money Essay Essay Example

Origin of the term black money Essay Essay Example Origin of the term black money Essay Paper Origin of the term black money Essay Paper The term black money is of a recent beginning which foremost came to be used around the twelvemonth 2000. It is another fluctuation of progress fee fraud and is besides called a ‘wash wash scam’ . The cozenage came to be known as black money cozenage was originally handled by defrauders or conmen who fraudulently obtained money from their victims by working their assurance. They convinced their victims that a trunk-full of existent money had been dyed black to avoid sensing by imposts. The bole really contained bank-note sized documents dyed black. They would someway carry their victim to pay for the chemicals to rinse the money with a promise to give him / her portion from the returns. In this manner. the conmen duped their clients stating them that the chemical required to take the black dye was really dearly-won and fraudulently obtained a good amount of money from the fleeceable and guiltless Term black money as used in modern times In the modern universe. the term black money is used for the money which is unaccounted and no statutory revenue enhancements are paid to the governments since it is kept within the state of abroad hidden from the eyes of the governments. This belowground. live and irregular billboard of wealth in any signifier is what is said to be running a shadow economic system or a parallel economic system in a state. Black money can besides be termed as production of goods and services whether done lawfully or illicitly but which is non taken into history for the official appraisal of the country’s Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) because it is neither detected by the governments nor is declared by its Godheads. India’s stands at the tenth place every bit far as the richest people in the state are concerned. This list is created by taking into history the sum of white money which is available for investing and does non include personal assets whether movable or immoveable. Just see what will India’s place among the richest people in the universe if the sum of black money is besides take into consideration while roll uping this list of the affluent individuals in the universe. The paradox is that it is go oning in a state where more than 50 per cent of the population is populating below the poorness line ( BPL ) . Causes for the creative activity of black money Corrupt patterns indulged into by corrupt people at all degrees There are several causes due to which the black money is created in a state. Black money is created by the corrupt patterns indulged in by politicians. administrative officials and other high and low degree civil retainers. They take immense or little payoffs which are unbroken hidden as they illegal beginnings of gaining money. The minutess in black money do take topographic point in the market due to which the term parallel economic system comes into being. Merely really seldom these minutess are caught and most of the wrongdoers of creative activity of black money are neer known to the authorities. The 2nd of import ground that these minutess remain concealed is that both the wrongdoers and the executors of jurisprudence collude with each other and go the partakers in black money. Peoples in all walks of life from the rich concern barons. the high degree politicians. the senior administrative officials. high ranking officers of the authorities. large contractors to the low degree authorities retainers including category IV employees are involved in this phenomenon of black money creative activity. Recently a racket of bogus certifications of OBCs and SCs has been found for admittance into Delhi University. It is reported that Rs. 3 – Rs. 5 hundred thousand were paid to obtain these payoff certifications. Complex revenue enhancement construction and corrupt revenue enhancement functionaries Adding fuel to the fire. is the country’s complex revenue enhancement construction and corrupt revenue enhancement functionaries which is the cause of creative activity of black money. The honest and sincere people who may otherwise be willing to pay revenue enhancements shy off from paying them before the complex processs. signifiers and returns involved in the payment of revenue enhancements. Merely a few sincere authorities employees whose income is paid from the authorities estimations are made to compulsorily pay the revenue enhancements. But the bulk of the concern community. bargainers. professionals and all incomes which do non come within the organized sector are left to the earnestness of the earners to unwrap their wealth. Complicated and drawn-out regulations and ordinances which are even beyond the comprehension of the common earners stand in the manner of revenue enhancements to be paid by them. There are no inducements to the rise the morale of the honest taxpa yers. The honest taxpayer rumblings when he or she sees that how his or her difficult earned money is is swindled by the corrupt functionaries of the authorities. The financess allotted by the authorities for developmental undertakings are drained half manner by the corrupt functionaries before they eventually reach the donees. Foreign Bankss are oasiss for black money hoarders Foreign Bankss particularly the Swiss Banks which do non unwrap the specifics of the history holders have become a safe oasis for the people who want to conceal their income without paying the revenue enhancements. There are different versions by different beginnings as to amount of the black money stashed in Swiss Banks. As alleged by Baba Ramdev during his agitations against black money. the sum of black money stashed in the Swiss Bankss scopes between Rs. 50- 75 lakh crores of rupees. Even if there is merely half the truth in the allegation. so besides the money stashed in the Swiss Bankss is so high that it can do our economic system rather sound if this can be brought back to India and deposited in the authorities exchequer. Harmonizing to one study the Swiss Banks have admitted that Indians stand at the top in the list of the people who have deposited money in the Swiss Bankss. The black money in Swiss Bankss became a hot argument in 2009 general elections when the issue was raked up by the BJP premier ministerial campaigner Mr L K Advani. He quoted from Global Financial Integrity Study undertaken in 2006 which estimated Rs. 43 – Rs. 51 lakh crores lost by developing states over a period of five old ages due to illicit fiscal escapes from these states including India. Lot of black money is transacted during election runs The election procedure of our state is besides a large generator of black money. Election runs run by the campaigners for parliamentary or assembly elections or for any local organic structures generated crores and crores of black money during the period of election. A survey by the Mumbai-based Centre for Monitoring Indian Economics ( CMIE ) found in 2006 that each parliamentary canvass generates between $ 10. 19 billion and $ 11. 33 billion of black money. It will go a shocking and head boggling figure and the black money so created will run into several crores of rupees if we besides include the elections to the legislative assemblies of the provinces and brotherhood districts and the local organic structures. Black money washing fiscal companies and chit financess Money washing fiscal companies and chit financess are another beginning of making black money. Cases have come to detect that several fiscal companies had been running and might still be running without paying any income revenue enhancement paid for their minutess which are non brought to the cognition of the authorities. We know that there are several lakhs of unauthorized chit financess which are running by persons in the settlements of the towns and metropoliss and even in small towns including certain authorities offices and industrial composites where the money is collected and circulated among little clip single earners. The operation of non-banking fiscal companies ( NBFCs ) had become so uncontrolled that the authorities had to convey in a statute law on the Non-Banking Financial Companies in 1997 and a separate Department of Non-Banking Financial Companies was opened in all offices of the Reserve Bank of India in March 1997 to do these companies to follow the ordinances laid down under the Act. Consequently several 100s of those NBFCs which could non follow with the regulations and ordinances of the authorities went out of operation. Unscrupulous charitable trusts and societies create black money Unscrupulous charitable trusts and societies including spiritual establishments manipulate the financess of the establishments run and managed by them and make black money. A blunt illustration of this has come to visible radiation when crores of rupees in difficult hard currency and several more crores of rupees deserving jewelry. diamonds and other valuables have been taken over when the personal Chamberss of the late Satya Sai Baba were opened late at Puttaparthy in Andhra Pradesh. There are a batch of treatments traveling on in the affair whether the money found at Satya Sai Baba’s Ashram at Puttaparthy is accounted or unaccounted money. Merely sincere probes undertaken by the authorities in this affair can happen out the exact truth. This is one illustration which has come to light and many more are still likely to be running this deceitful concern merely because such establishments had been exempted to subject the studies of their income and outgo. It is feared that a batch of black money is being generated by the spiritual. societal and educational trusts throughout the length and comprehensiveness of the state. Hawala concern is a great beginning of black money minutess The minutess of hard currency made through the hawala path are besides one of the greatest beginnings of creative activity and usage of black money. Several hawala rackets were busted by the constabulary on many occasions but the hawala operations are still traveling on. Minutess through hawala path are thought to be the south Asia’s biggest money minutess system. The hawala minutess are common across our national and international boundary lines where money alterations hands through non-banking channels and therefore goes live and becomes black money. The persons running hawala rackets have developed their ain codifications to transact this illegal concern. Such revenue enhancement hedging cozenages have been found several times particularly in Maharashtra and Gujarat. two of India’s rich provinces. Daily hawala minutess are reported to be running transacting in foreign exchange therefore robbing the authorities of the revenue enhancements which should otherwise hold gone to the government’ exchequer. Investings in belongings. jewelry. luxury autos. rare pieces of art etc Investings in belongings. jewelry. diamonds. dearly-won and rare pictures. luxury autos. rare pieces of art etc. are some of the other beginnings where black money is transacted. It was reported sometime back that when the functionaries raided a few builders in Mumbai a few old ages back. it was revealed that the hired comptrollers had advised their clients to conceal their black money in rare art aggregations. It was found that a man of affairs had in invested $ 4. 50. 000 in a picture. The governments found that builders had invested over a crore of rupees of their undeclared income in pictures bought from local art galleries of Mumbai. Investing of unaccounted income is done at a big graduated table in gold and diamond jewelry. It is pertinent to observe that India is one of the largest consumers of gold. Stock market is another channel to put black money. One can gain large net incomes after one pays a little sum of capital additions revenue enhancement @ 10 % . Past instances of stock cozenages have shown that agents. Bankss. industrial houses have all colluded to trip the stock markets. A few old ages back a adult female from Gujarat named Roopal ben Panchal reportedly opened 10. 669 bogus histories. In a handbill dated December 2. 2005 the Reserve Bank of India had alerted the Bankss with sing to the black-money laundering activities traveling on and wanted them to hold ticker on any leery banking activity. But what when the Bankss themselves start conspiring with the stock agents to consequence the monetary values in the stock market. Contributions to educational establishments transacted in black money The heavy contributions paid for admittances in establishments of higher acquisition and even big corporate schools and colleges are another large beginning of creative activity and go arounding black money. Are these contributions received and paid by checks? Are the proper grosss issued for the minutess? Are the minutess written in the official histories of the establishments as they are done? The reply to all these inquiries is possibly is a large ‘No’ . This is non done because many of these private establishments are run by the administrative officials. politicians and industrial houses that are either do it in collusion with the jurisprudence implementing governments or corrupt them the black money they create. Black money minutess take topographic point in the scene and leaking of inquiries documents and aid rendered in scrutiny Centres to acquire certain pupils pass through unjust agencies or to acquire some of them the top ranks in the scrutiny. This non merely involves black money minutess but is besides doing the jeer of our educational system and scrutinies. Issue of licenses. contracts to Indian and foreign companies Large industrial houses. large contractors. administrative officials and politicians all collude with each other in really heavy minutess and underarm traffics are indulged when publishing licenses and come ining into contracts even with the foreign houses. The agents are agents are involved in the minutess on heavy fees. All these minutess among these people are non routed through normal banking channels. The great cozenages like the Bofors. 2 G Scam. the Commonwealth Games Scam. Adarash Society Scam. etc have already come to the visible radiation of the populace. Many such cozenages may be lying concealed and might non be brought out at all. There have been hard currencies where difficult hard currency had been discovered in the ownerships of politicians like Sukhram and others. The Mauritius Route to utilize black money Taking advantages of loopholes in the Double Taxation Avoidance Convention ( DTAC ) concluded two decennaries ago. certain people claiming themselves to be the Mauritanian occupants set up paper companies in Mauritius. These companies so masqueraded at Mauritanian companies. These companies so invested in India. Thus they avoided paying revenue enhancements in India amounting to crores of rupees under the screen of dual revenue enhancement turning away understanding between India and Mauritius. Consequences or the impact of black money Loss of gross to the authorities and running of parallel economic system in state The circulation of black money has a deep impact on the economic system ensuing in a lessening in authorities grosss. A portion of the black money which circulates in the economic system could hold gone into the custodies of the authorities in the signifier of revenue enhancements. Such is the volume of the black money in the state that a parallel economic system is said to be running in the state with the black money entirely. Harmonizing to some estimations the sum of black money in the state equals 40 per cent of our gross domestic merchandise. ( GDP ) Black money and corruptness signifier a barbarous circle Since most of the minutess done in black money are illegal. it adds to already bing high degrees of corruptness. All payoffs for whatever ground they are paid goes unaccounted wrinkling more black money in the society. This barbarous circle of corruptness bring forthing black money and black money bring forthing corruptness will neer come to an terminal. unless some serious stairss are taken by the authorities to control this evil pattern. Black money effects existent capita income and national income of state Since the black money go arounding in the state is non recorded in the government’s books of histories. the existent per capita income of the people and the national income of the state are shown as low. If all the black money go arounding in the economic system is flowed back into the national economic system of the state. there will a significant rise in the existent incomes of the people and the national income of the state. For illustration. although the incomes earned by the immigrant labor of our state aid to better the criterion of life of the people gaining them. yet they don’t acquire added into the revenue enhancement cyberspace of the state if transacted through hawala. So they can non be taken into history in calculating the national income and per capita income of the state. Black money causes lessening in quality of public goods and services When payoff which are to paid as black money to the manufacturers of goods and supplier of services. it is but natural that they will supply the quality of goods and services merely to the people who pay payoffs whereas the general populace has to endure as the same quality and service is non provided to everyone. For illustration. if you have to acquire a occupation done in office. your work will be done without any hold if you pay payoffs to the functionaries who have to make your occupation. But for the same sort of occupation. another individual who does non corrupt the functionaries has to wait for several yearss. hebdomads or even months. Black money consequences in higher revenue enhancement and rising prices The authorities revenue enhancements the people to gain gross for its disbursals in order to equilibrate the budget. It is but natural that if the black money go arounding in the economic system is brought back to the government’s exchequer. the authorities will hold more money in its manus for its disbursals and thereby the revenue enhancement load on the people can be reduced. Similarly the rising prices consequences with excessively much money pursuit excessively few goods available in the market. The accounted money in the market is hyped by the figure of unaccounted money in the market and the existent money in circulation becomes much more to trail the goods produced in the state taking to higher inflationary tendencies. Black money causes trouble in the formation of pecuniary and financial policy Since the authorities can non take into history the black money in circulation in the economic system while organizing its pecuniary and financial policies. the policies so formed by the authorities can non be realistic. It is hard to organize these policies in the absence of the exact computation of the black money and without conveying it in the accounting processs of the authorities. Black money consequences in increased condemnable activities The dirty money in the market consequences in all kinds of condemnable activities that go on in the society including corruptness of all kinds in the society. It encourages its illegal usage particularly during elections. The black money is used to back up terrorist activities which undermine even the security of the state. It is used to acquire illegal arms in the custodies of the groups of unsocial elements. The illegal money is squandered on big graduated table in nines and hotels on all types of illegal activities including drug trafficking. Even slayings are got done for political retaliations where black money alterations hands among the liquidators and the people who engage these liquidators to prosecute in these offense. It is said that money corrupts and the surplus of it corrupts highly. And it is more so when such extra money is in the signifier of black money. The munificent and pretentious manner the hoarders of black money live in India and the uneconomical outgo they indulge in observing their societal. political and even spiritual maps is a societal offense even though the jurisprudence does non take awareness of it. How to command the black money Normally. the authorities has to take two classs to command the black money. The first is to change over the bing black money into white money through assorted steps. The 2nd is to take appropriate steps to forestall the creative activity of black money. So. the controlling of black money can be discussed under these two caputs. Controling black by money by its transition into white money First of all. the authorities should stop up loopholes in its two decennaries old Double Tax Avoidance Convention entered into with Mauritius to look into influx of black money into India by fake companies of Mauritius which evade paying revenue enhancements in India under the screen of this bilateral understanding between India and Mauritius. Voluntary revelation of income strategy ( VDIS ) Though such steps were initiated by the authorities earlier including gilded bond strategies. but this was resorted on a big graduated table when the authorities launched a Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme ( VDIS ) on June 18. 1997 whereby the tax-defaulters were given an chance to unwrap their hidden incomes at the prevalent revenue enhancement rates by giving them unsusceptibility from major Torahs associating to economic offenses from 01 July 1997. The so Finance Minister P. Chidambaram said that the VDIS aggregations amounted to collection about Rs. 8. 000 crores from about two hundred thousand declarents when the strategy closed down on December 31. 1997. The authorities may one time once more denote such a strategy with proper guidelines to enable the people concealing their black money to declare the strategy. The authorities at the same must demo its political will to ordain a measure with rigorous penalties against the people who were found with unrevealed income after certain specified day of the month. How to convey back money from the Swiss Bankss A similar option must besides be given to the people concealing their money in the Swiss Bankss giving them a one clip chance to voluntarily convey backtheir money from the Swiss Bankss and sedimentation it in the Indian Bankss by paying the revenue enhancements as per the Indian Torahs. At the same clip a terrible penalty may be threatened for the people who were found with black money in the Swiss Bankss after a specified day of the month. Entering into bilateral understandings with the foreign authoritiess The authorities should take all possible steps to come in into bilateral understandings with the foreign states to unwrap the names of the history holders and the money deposited in foreign Bankss. The authorities has already initiated some stairss in this way by revising the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement to supply agencies for probes of black money in Swiss Bankss in August 2010. This alteration is likely to take consequence in January 2012. To control black money. the Indian authorities has besides signed Tax Information Exchange Agreement ( TIEA ) with 10 states. viz. – Bahamas. Bermuda. the British Virgin islands. the Isle of Man. the Cayman Island. the British island of Jersey. Monaco. St. Kitts and Nevis. Argentina and the Marshal Islands. The authorities should take immediate stairss to subscribe more such understandings with other states as good. Block loopholes in the Mauritius path The authorities should barricade loopholes in the Double Taxation Avoidance Convention ( DTAC ) entered into about two decennaries ago to forestall unscrupulous investors to get away from paying revenue enhancements in India. Court instances and terrible penalties for economic offenses The tribunals in India should give due importance to the instances affecting black money and must give the severest of the penalties to the individuals involved in the instances. The Supreme Court of India is making a applaudable occupation in this regard. The Supreme Court asked the authorities in January 2011 as to why the names of those have stashed money in the Liechtenstein Bank have non been disclosed. In April 2011. Hasan Ali Khan was arrested on charges of hoarding over Rs. 36. 000 crores in foreign Bankss. This is one case where a individual has been arrested for hoarding black money in the foreign Bankss. but there may be many more against which the authorities can take action merely with a strong political will and strong belief. Baba Ramdev had even gone to the extent of proposing that black money wrongdoer should be treated as treasonists of the state and should be given the severest of the penalties. Demonetization of currency notes of high value like Rs. 500 A ; Rs. 1000 Another step suggested to delve out black money is to demonetize the currency of higher denominations like bank notes of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000. But the authorities has already rejected this suggestions as it is non economically feasible suggestion. Issue of Particular bonds by the authorities Particular bonds may be issued by the authorities inquiring the black money hoarders to put in them by supplying them unsusceptibility from condemnable continuing bing under the bing jurisprudence. Controling black by money by preventative steps Restructuring revenue enhancement system A ; terrible penalty to errant revenue enhancement functionaries The authorities should reconstitute its revenue enhancement system including GST and VAT doing it more convenient and easy for the income earner to pay the revenue enhancements. All the cumbersome processs in entry of signifiers and returns should be done off with. The authorities has become cognizant of this and have done a batch of work to better the system. It has late come out with an proclamation that salaried employees with salary income up to Rs. 5 hundred thousand and salvaging bank involvement up to Rs. 10. 000 need non to register income revenue enhancement returns for the twelvemonth 2011-12. Much more needful to be done by simplifying the regulations and ordinances in this regard. The authorities should broaden the revenue enhancement base and should convey all people in whatever is the beginning of income including agricultural income if the income exceeds Rs. 5 hundred thousand a twelvemonth. All people above this bound should be taxed with no freedoms. No return needs to be filed by any individual if the income is below Rs. 5 hundred thousand. Similar revenue enhancement reforms should be made in the corporate direct revenue enhancement and all other indirect revenue enhancements. Severe penalty should be mooted out to the revenue enhancement forces who are found to be involved in the corrupt patterns including the individuals who are found to hold paid payoffs to the revenue enhancement functionaries to avoid revenue enhancements. These should include revenue enhancement advisers and hired comptrollers who guide the revenue enhancement remunerators with tips to avoid revenue enhancement taking advantage of loopholes in the revenue enhancement Torahs. Use of electronic media and Bankss for money transportations Maximum usage of electronic media should be made for money transportations. Most of the money minutess should be encouraged to be made through the banking channels. Restriction should be laid down for hard currency minutess in any trade. Use of PAN and individuality card should be made compulsory for all minutess amounting immense sums. There should be a powerful Income Tax and Vigilance section. Peoples should be continuously made aware of the benefits of paying revenue enhancements. Peoples should be made cognizant of the immorality of black money on a continual footing Peoples should be made cognizant of the effects of black money. The recent motions run by certain reputed personalities like Baba Ramdev and Anna Hazare whether successful or non has brought about a societal revolution in the society to do the people aware of this great immorality. It has alerted the authorities at all degrees to take awareness of the affair and the authorities is said to hold constituted a high degree commission to travel into this facet. Decision It may be pointed out that many more steps be taken which might hold been left out in composing this article. There are many masterminds and intelligent individuals in our state including economic experts of distinction who can propose steps to the authorities to make off with the threat of black money afflicting our state. Conversion of black money into white money is merely a short term step. but it is the preventative steps which can root out this evil for good. The most of import facet of nationality and love for one time state in all facets must be taught to our kids from their basic educational system. It should get down from their earlier school instruction because whatever the kid learns in his / her formative old ages is carried frontward towards the ulterior phases in his or her life.

Diagnosing a Need for Organizational Change Case Study

Diagnosing a Need for Organizational Change - Case Study Example In this regard, the disaster that befell the shuttle Challenger provided a strong focal point from which organization within bodies could be viewed. The Challenger broke into pieces moments after takeoff on January 28 1986. Prior to this culmination of events, there had been revealing signs that were overlooked by the bodies in authority. A commission was formed to look into the matter and it filed its report after carrying out its research. In light of the above, NASA made most of the recommended changes brought forth by the commission that was looking into the Challenger disaster. Despite this, the occurrence of the Columbia accident on February 1, 2003 opened a new chapter into the effectiveness of the recommendations, and most importantly, shed some light on the issue of organizational culture that tends to undermine the effectiveness of organizations. Organizational culture is the aspect or custom of workers of an organization tending to carry out their activities in a way that may not be fully recommended, but in their organization, it is the norm (Carnall, 2007). While trying to counter this, models have been set up to ensure the best productivity of organizations. Such is the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. It aims at bringing change to an organization through the creation of connections between performance and the factors within or without the organization, which has an effect over the performance (Burke, 2010). The model relies upon a framework through which the analysis of both internal or organizational factors and external or environmental factors can be linked together to ensure superb performance of an organization. It links both theoretical aspects and practical ideas to result in the best performance (Burke, 2010). This is done in twelve dimensions each of which caters for a particular aspect of the organization. Therefore, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report and recommendations as put under the Burke-Litwin model wou ld give a better view as follows: 1. External Environment. Following the Columbia disaster, CAIB realized that a number of external factors also indirectly resulted in the catastrophe. Such included such aspects as performance pressures from the public that tended to rush the organization into action hastily. Moreover, the budgetary allocations for the agency proved to be insufficient following shifting national priorities. 2. Mission and Strategy. Furthermore, CAIB analyzed NASA’s mission, and in comparison to the strategy employed to achieve that mission, the two were found not to tally. Moreover, the employees’ perspective was not in tandem with that of the top management (James, 2007). 3. Leadership. CAIB’s report found the leadership of NASA solely to blame for the disaster. It stated that the leadership lacked open-mindedness and could have acted quickly upon realizing that the space ship was damaged. However, this was not done hence exposing the laxity of leadership at NASA (James, 2007). 4. Organizational Culture. The report found out that NASA had come to adopt a culture through which matters were casually schemed through thereby leading to loopholes that provided avenues for such disasters. The foam responsible for the disaster had